was the position of the adherents of the Sunnah. It is also the view of many theologians and philosophers among the Shī‘ah, the Karrāmiyyah, and the ancient and later philosophers, such as Abū al-Barakāt, author of al-Mu‘tabar, and others.

Other groups denied it, including Abū al-Hasan al-Tamīmī and Abū Sulaymān