the speculative theologians, these disagreeing jurists, and many muftis and others to regard jurisprudence as a matter of probable judgments and independent juristic reasoning.

Thus, this view emerged alongside these disputed questions, at a time when many religious innovations appeared, the affairs of Islam changed, and the caliphate weakened until the Daylamites seized control of it. The doctrines of the Qarmatians, Bātiniyyah, Rāfidah, and Muʿtazilah then spread across most of the earth, and many of the Muslims’ frontier strongholds in Syria and elsewhere were taken from them. At that time, the innovations of the speculative theologians who affirmed the divine attributes, and of others, also spread. This jurisprudence thus became a matter of following conjecture and the desires of the soul.