and al-Samʿānī and others like them. It is also covered by Abū al-Khattāb in his al-Intisār and Ibn ʿAqīl in his Nazariyyāt, as well as Ibn Yasārah, al-ʿĀlimī, and others among the followers of Abū Hanīfah—although in ʿUmad al-adillah he followed his teacher al-Qādī in comprehensively covering these questions and the disagreements concerning them found in al-Qādī’s commentary, and affirmed that they were matters of juristic reasoning yielding probable judgments.

Their reputation for knowledge of jurisprudence is part of the misleading impression that prompted