speculative theology. Even some followers of Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, and Ahmad adopted it, such as al-Qādī Abū Bakr, al-Qādī Abū Yaʿlā, Abū al-Maʿālī al-Juwaynī, and others like them. This is, in reality, a branch of Jahmism and Muʿtazilism, for the first person in Islam to deny love was al-Jaʿd ibn Dirham, the teacher of al-Jahm ibn Safwān.