listening to singing: some said it is permissible, while others said it is forbidden. In my view, it is obligatory.” This was among the statements Abū ʿAbd al-Rahmān cited in support of his position on listening to singing. Yet this man was accused of heresy.

Likewise, Ibn Sīnā, in his al-Ishārāt, advocated listening to melodies and passionate love of forms, considering these things to purify, refine, and cleanse souls. He was one of