any deed that is carried out while harboring doubt; in the same way, nothing can harm when it is accompanied by true faith.’

The young man then went on his way, and Muʿādh said, ‘There is no one in this valley more learned than this youth.’

Abū Ḥanīfah added, ‘So fight the rebels on account of their rebellion, not because you deem them unbelievers. Stand with the just faction and, if need be, even with an oppressive ruler, but never side with the people of rebellion.’