—for by openly denying his own Prophet (1), Jesus, he is not allowed to remain on any creed other than Islam. He is summoned to repent; if he embraces Islam, all is well, but if he refuses he is put to death.

A Jew, on the other hand, does not cease to be a Jew if he rejects Jesus; he stays within Judaism because that rejection does not amount to denying his own prophet, Moses.

Section on Breach of the Covenant and Its Corollaries

Whoever breaks it—that is, the covenant—by contravening any of the conditions for which peace was granted, in any of the ways that will be detailed, forfeits both his property and his blood. This follows the wording of the letter from the inhabitants of al-Jazīra to ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ghannam: “If we change or oppose anything (2) we have stipulated upon ourselves and for which we accepted your guarantee of safety, then we have no pact of protection, and that which is permissible for you against the people of obstinacy and rebellion has become permissible against us.” ʿUmar ordered him to uphold that (3).

The annulment of the covenant does not depend on a judicial ruling by the ruler (4); once the covenant-breaker commits an act that nullifies it, the pact is void by that very fact, as is clear from what preceded.

Accordingly, if any of them refuses to pay the jizyah or to submit to the ordinances of the Islamic law—by preventing those rulings from being applied to him, even if our judge has not yet handed down a verdict, contrary to what is mentioned in al-Mughnī and al-Sharḥ—his covenant is nullified, for Allah the Exalted