—and each group was moved by its own intention. End of quotation.

There is no doubt that one may accept a hadith from these sects only after careful investigation and discerning what is correct, and even then with due precaution by refraining from transmission, for it has been established that these factions used to fabricate reports in order to propagate their doctrines. After repenting and returning to the truth, they themselves acknowledged this. Allah knows best.

Categories of criticism pertaining to accuracy

The aspects of criticism that relate to a transmitter’s accuracy are likewise five:

1. Excessive heedlessness,
2. Frequent mistakes,
3. Contradicting the reliable narrators,
4. Confusion (wahm),
5. Poor retention.

1 and 2: Excessive heedlessness and frequent mistakes

Excessive heedlessness and frequent mistakes are closely related: heedlessness occurs during the hearing and acquisition of the hadith, whereas mistakes arise in its narration and delivery.