and the adherents of deviant schools.

The author of Jāmiʿ al-Uṣūl states: A number of ḥadith authorities did transmit from the Khārijites, the Qadarites, the Shiʿah—indeed even the Rāfiḍites—and from other people of innovation and capricious desire.

Yet another group took the safer course and scrupulously refrained from accepting any ḥadith from such sects.