trustworthy narrators, and from that particular man, so he considered it sufficient to cite him alone, omitting any mention of the others—or of all of them—because he was convinced of the ḥadīth’s authenticity through him, just as the transmitter of an mursal report does.

The Muḍṭarib (internally inconsistent report)

Should there arise within the chain of transmission or the text a discrepancy among the narrators—whether by advancing or delaying a segment, adding or omitting material, substituting one transmitter for another, replacing one text with another, corrupting names in the isnād or parts of the matn, or by abridgment, deletion, and the like—the ḥadīth is classified as muḍṭarib.

The Ruling on Muḍṭarib Narrations

If the various versions can be harmonised, that is accepted; otherwise, one must withhold judgment.

The Mudraj (interpolated report)

If a transmitter inserts his own words, or the words of someone else—whether Companion or Successor—