Hidāyat al-ḤayārāIbn al-Qayyim

and that all of you are sons of God. (1)

God—exalted is He—has also called His servant “king,” just as He calls Himself by that name; He described him as “kind and merciful,” titles He likewise reserves for Himself; and He labeled him “mighty,” a name He also applies to Himself. (2)

Moreover, the word “lord” is used for beings other than God in the very language of the monotheistic community; people say, “the lord of the house,” “the lord of the camels,” or “the lord of these goods.” Isaiah said, “The ox knows its owner, and the donkey its master’s manger, but (3) Israel does not know.” (4)

If you have deified him because he fashioned out of clay the likeness of a bird (5) and then breathed into it so that it became flesh, blood, and a real, living bird—something only God can do—

it may likewise be said: then make Moses son of ʿImrān the god of gods, for he cast down a staff that turned into a mighty serpent, then took it in his hand and it reverted to a staff just as it had been.

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And if you say, “We have declared him a god because the prophets and messengers bore witness to that for him,” Ezra said—when Nebuchadnezzar carried them off to the land of Babylon, up to four hundred and eighty-two

(1) Psalms, 82. (2) In manuscripts G and S: “likewise.” (3) In manuscripts B and J: “walaw lam” (even if). (4) Book of Isaiah, 1:1. (5) The bracketed words are absent from B, J, and S. (6) In J: “lama.”
وأنكم أبناء الله كلكم" (١). وقد سمَّى الله -سبحانه- عبده بالمَلِك، كما سمَّى نفسه بذلك، وسماه بالرؤوف الرحيم كما سمَّى نفسه بذلك، وسمَّاه بالعزيز وسمى نفسه بذلك (٢). واسمُ الربِّ واقعٌ على غير الله تعالى في لغة أمة التوحيد، كما يقال: هذا ربُّ المنزل، ورب الإبل، وربُّ هذا المتاع. وقد قال إشَعْيَا: "عرف الثَّورُ مَنِ اقتناه، والحمار مربط ربِّه، ولم (٣) يعرف بنو إسرائيل" (٤). وإن جعلتموه إلهًا لأنه صنع من الطين (كهيئة الطير) (٥)، أي صورةَ طائرِ، ثم (٦) نفخ فيها فصارت لحمًا ودمًا وطائرًا حقيقةً، ولا يفعل هذا إلا الله. قيل: فاجعلوا موسى بن عمران إلهَ الآلهةِ؛ فإنه ألقى عصًا فصارت ثعبانًا عظيمًا، ثم أمسكها بيده فصارت عصًا كما كانت. فصل وإن قلتم: جعلناه إلهًا لشهادة الأنبياء والرسل له بذلك، قال عزرا -حيث سباهم بختنصر إلى أرض بابل إلى أربعمائة واثنين وثمانين
(١) المزامير، (٨٢). (٢) في "غ، ص": "كذلك". (٣) في "ب، ج": "ولو لم". (٤) سفر إشعياء: (١/ ١). (٥) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب، ج، ص". (٦) في "ج": "لما".

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