Muslim scholars pursued extensive debates with the various Christian sects—and, as noted earlier, with the Jews as well—leaving behind a vast legacy embodied in the critical and polemical writings of prominent imams. They exposed the distortions, alterations, and substitutions found in those communities’ scriptures, clarified the matter in the best possible way, refuted the doubts they cast upon the Quran, the Prophet ﷺ, and the religion of Islam, and established conclusive proof against them, each according to his own method and style. Here we can only offer brief indications of those efforts: the discussions with Jews and Christians, the refutations of their books and textual corruptions, and—connected to that—the demonstrations of Islam’s superiority and distinctive qualities through comparison and evaluation. ⦗1⦘ What follows is a rapid survey of the leading scholars who authored such works, from the earliest times to our own day.
A. Among the earliest surviving books and epistles on the subject:
- “The Epistle of al-Hāshimī to al-Kindī,” in which he invites him to embrace Islam. It was first published in London in 1880 under the care of A. Tyan, then re-issued in 1885 and 1912, and printed twice in Cairo in 1895.