Subsidiary issues
First: The chain known as muʿanʿan—that is, in which a narrator says, “so-and-so ʿan (from) so-and-so.” Some have maintained that such a chain is mursal, but the correct view, upon which practice rests and which is upheld by the majority of ḥadith experts, jurists, and scholars of legal theory, is that it is connected on two conditions: (1) the narrator employing ʿan must not be a mudallis, and (2) it must have been possible for the transmitters to meet one another. There is disagreement over whether actual proof of meeting, prolonged companionship, or acknowledged narration between the two must be established. Some require none of these conditions at all—this is the position of Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, who even claimed consensus on it. Others stipulate only the possibility of an actual meeting; this is the view of al-Bukhārī, Ibn al-Madīnī, and other leading critics. A group require long-standing companionship, while another insists on verified narration from the teacher. In recent times the preposition ʿan has often been used when transmission is by ijāzah; thus, when someone says, “I read ʿan so-and-so ʿan so-and-so,” he merely means that he received it from him by ijāzah. Allah knows best.
Second: When a transmitter says, “Al-Zuhrī narrated to us anna Ibn al-Musayyib narrated such-and-such,” or says, “Ibn al-Musayyib said such-and-such,” or “did such-and-such,” or “Ibn al-Musayyib used to do…” and the like, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal and a number of scholars held that the particle anna and similar expressions are not equivalent to ʿan; therefore the report remains munqaṭiʿ until direct hearing is proven. The majority, however, regard anna as tantamount to ʿan, and any unqualified use of it is presumed to indicate audition, subject to the foregoing condition. Allah knows best.
Third: The taʿlīq mentioned by al-Humaydī and others in certain reports within Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī—an approach first employed by al-Dāraquṭnī—consists of omitting one or more transmitters from the beginning of the chain, so that it is as though