silence is better, and a speaker when good speech is called for. Alongside these traits he must be God-fearing, sound in creed, purifying his soul and banishing from it everything unbefitting; correct belief is indispensable. He should be seasoned by experience so that he can make affairs easy for the king, ever alert to foresee their outcomes, anxious for the ruler against the turns of fortune, and vigilant that no calamity of the age befall him.
Any king whose vizier truly loves him and cares for his welfare will find that vizier beset with many enemies—indeed, his foes will outnumber his friends. Therefore the sultan must not lend an ear to those who incite him against his minister and carry tales to him, lest the vizier’s friends grow jealous of him and his enemies seize their chance.
The vizier, moreover, must follow a praiseworthy course: when he observes in the king a blameworthy or reckless habit, he should guide him back—gently—to the straight and laudable way. For if the king is engaged in something he ought not to do and then hears a harsh rebuke, he will respond with an even worse deed. The proof is that when the Creator sent Moses to Pharaoh He declared, “Speak to him with gentle words” (Q 20:44). If the Truth commanded His prophet to address his enemy gently, then ordinary people are even more obliged to soften their speech. And should the ruler speak roughly, the vizier may not harbor resentment over what the king intends.
When the vizier loves the king, speaks rightly, and acts well, he becomes the king’s helper in maintaining that uprightness and urges him to keep to it. The vizier and all the king’s intimates must realize that whatever good they accomplish comes about only through the monarch’s favor and the blessing of his shadow; thus the credit rightfully belongs to him before the people.
The gravest corruption that can arise in a kingdom springs from two sources: a treacherous vizier, and a king of evil, corrupt intent.
Anushirwan said, “The worst of ministers is he who emboldens the sovereign to wage war and go into battle when matters could be set right without it; for war in every case consumes the treasures of wealth, and in it noble lives and precious souls are squandered.”