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Those men erred without any scholarly ijtihād, for they were not people of learning. Likewise, no retaliation, blood money, or expiation was imposed on Usāma ibn Zayd when, during the Expedition of al-Hurqat, he killed the man who had declared, “There is no god but Allah” (1). Usāma believed it permissible to kill him, assuming that the man’s profession of Islam was not genuine, even though killing him was in fact forbidden.
The early generations, and the great majority of jurists after them, acted on the same principle: that when rebels shed the blood of the rightful party on the basis of a plausible interpretation,
= We set out on a journey and one of our men was struck on the head by a stone. Later he had a nocturnal emission, so he asked his companions, “Do you see any licence for me to perform tayammum (dry ablution)?” They replied, “We find no such licence for you.” …the rest of the report. Its isnad is interrupted. It was narrated by al-Darqutni and Ibn Majah, and also by Abu Dawud through al-Awzai, from Ata, from Ibn Abbas—and this is the sounder version. Al-Hakim, Ibn Khuzayma and Ibn Hibban transmitted it through al-Walid b. Ubayd b. Abi Rabah, from his uncle, from Ata, from Ibn Abbas, as a marfu narration. Taken together, the various routes lend the hadith additional strength.
(1) Al-Bukhari relates from Usama b. Zayd b. Haritha: “The Messenger of Allah sent us to al-Huraqat of Juhayna. At dawn we reached the people and routed them. I and a man from the Ansar pursued one of them; when we caught up with him, he proclaimed: la ilaha illa Allah (there is no deity but God). The Ansari held back, but I thrust my spear into him and killed him. When we returned, news of this reached the Prophet, and he said to me, ‘Usama, did you kill him after he had said la ilaha illa Allah?!’ I replied, ‘Messenger of Allah, he only said it to seek protection.’ He repeated, ‘Did you kill him after he had said la ilaha illa Allah?!’ so often that I wished I had not embraced Islam before that day.”
Al-Huraqat—with an initial h and a plain r—are a clan of Juhayna; their dwellings lay beyond the valley of Nakhlah in the land of Banu Murra. The expedition against them occurred in the seventh or eighth year after the Hijra. Its commander was Ghalib b. Ubayd Allah al-Kalbi, and the man whom Usama b. Zayd killed was named Mirdas b. Nuhayk.
فَإِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ أَخْطَئُوا بِغَيْرِ اجْتِهَادٍ؛ إذْ لَمْ يَكُونُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ.
وَكَذَلِكَ لَمْ يُوجِبْ عَلَى أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ قَوَدًا وَلَا دِيَةً وَلَا كَفَّارَةً, لَمَّا قَتَلَ الَّذِي قَالَ: لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ فِي غَزْوَةِ الْحُرَقَاتِ (١) , فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ مُعْتَقِدًا جَوَازَ قَتْلِهِ, بِنَاءً عَلَى أَنَّ هَذَا الْإِسْلَامَ لَيْسَ بِصَحِيحِ مَعَ أَنَّ قَتْلَهُ حَرَامٌ.
وَعَمِلَ بِذَلِكَ السَّلَفُ, وَجُمْهُورُ الْفُقَهَاءِ, فِي أَنَّ مَا اسْتَبَاحَهُ أَهْلُ الْبَغْيِ مِنْ دِمَاءِ أَهْلِ الْعَدْلِ بِتَأْوِيلِ سَائِغٍ,
= خرجنا في سفر، فأصاب رجلاً منا حجر في رأسه، ثم احتلم. فسأل أصحابه: هل تجدون لي رخصة التيمم؟ فقالوا: ما نجد لك رخصة..الحديث، وسنده منقطع. رواه الدارقطني، وابن ماجة، ورواه أبو داود أيضاً من حديث الأوزاعي، عن عطاء عن ابن عباس، وهو الصواب. ورواه الحاكم، وابن خزيمة، وابن حبان من حديث الوليد بن عبيد بن أبي رباح، عن عمه عن عطاء، عن ابن عباس مرفوعاً، والحديث يتقوى بطرقه.
(١) روى البخاري عن أسامة بن زيد بن حارثة ﵁ قال: بعثنا رسول الله ﷺ إلى الحرقة من جهينة، قال: فصبحنا القوم فهزمناهم، قال: ولحقت أنا ورجل من الأنصار رجلاً منهم، قال: فلما غشيناه قال: لا إله إلا الله، قال: فكف عنه الأنصاري وطعنته برمحي حتى قتلته، قال: فلما قدمنا، بلغ ذلك النبي ﷺ، قال: فقال لي: (يا أسامة أقتلته بعدما قال: لا إله إلا الله؟!) قال: قلت: يا رسول الله إنما كان متعوذاً. قال: (أقتلته بعدما قال: لا إله إلا الله؟!) فما زال يكررها، حتى تمنيت أني لم أكن أسلمت قبل ذلك اليوم. والحُرَقَات: بضم الحاء وفتح الراء المهملتين، وهم بطن من جهينة، منازلهم وراء بطن نخلة من أرض بني مرة. وكانت غزوتهم سنة سبع أو ثمان من الهجرة.
وكان أميرها غالب بن عبيد الله الكلبي والذي قتله أسامة بن زيد، اسمه: مرداس بن نهيك.