Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/203)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

It is said: the particle an is in the nominative position; its meaning is: “It is that you do not associate anything with Him.” It is also said that it is in the accusative position, and scholars differed over the reason for its being accusative. It was said that its meaning is: “He has forbidden you to associate anything with Him,” with the particle lā being redundant, as in His saying, exalted is He: “What prevented you from prostrating?” (al-A‘raf, 7:12)—that is, what prevented you from prostrating? It was also said that the statement ends with His words, “What your Lord has forbidden,” after which He says, “Upon you is that you do not associate anything with Him,” as an exhortation. Al-Zajjaj said: It is possible that this is based on the meaning—that is, “I recite to you the prohibition of associating partners with Him.” It is also possible that it means: “I enjoin upon you that you do not associate anything with Him.”

“And that you show kindness to your parents; and that you do not kill your children out of poverty”—that is, impoverishment—“We provide for you and for them.” That is, do not bury your daughters alive for fear of poverty, for I provide for you and for them. “And do not approach shameful deeds, whether outward or inward.” [“What is outward” means what is done openly, and “what is inward”] (1) means what is done secretly.

The people of the pre-Islamic era considered fornication disgraceful when committed openly, but saw no harm in it when committed secretly. Therefore, Allah, exalted is He, prohibited fornication both openly and secretly.

Al-Dahhak said: What is outward is wine, and what is inward is fornication.

“And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right.” Allah, exalted is He, has forbidden the killing of a believer and a person under covenant, except by right—that is, for a matter which lawfully permits his execution, such as apostasy, retribution, or fornication warranting stoning.

Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Salihi informed us: Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Hiri narrated to us; Hajib ibn Ahmad al-Tusi narrated to us; Muhammad ibn Hammad narrated to us; Abu Mu‘awiyah narrated to us from al-A‘mash, from Abd Allah ibn Murrah, from Masruq, from Abd Allah ibn Mas‘ud, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “The blood of a Muslim who testifies that there is no god but Allah and that I am the Messenger of Allah is not lawful except in one of three cases: the previously married adulterer, a life for a life, and one who abandons his religion and separates from the community.” (2)

“This”—that which I have mentioned—“He has enjoined upon you”: He has commanded you to observe it, “so that you may understand.”

(1) Omitted in manuscript B. (2) Reported by al-Bukhari in al-Diyat, the chapter on the saying of Allah, “a life for a life...,” 12:201; Muslim in al-Qasamah, the chapter on what makes the blood of a Muslim lawful to shed, no. 1676, 3:1302; and al-Musannaf in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:147.

قِيلَ: مَوْضِعُ " أَنْ " رَفْعٌ، مَعْنَاهُ هُوَ أَنْ لَا تُشْرِكُوا، وَقِيلَ: مَحَلُّهُ نَصُبٌ، وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي وَجْهِ انْتِصَابِهِ، قِيلَ: مَعْنَاهُ حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ، وَ"لَا" صِلَةٌ كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: (ما منعك أن لا تَسْجُدَ) (الْأَعْرَافِ، ١٢) ، أَيْ: مَنَعَكَ أَنْ تَسْجُدَ. وَقِيلَ: تَمَّ الْكَلَامُ عِنْدَ قَوْلِهِ "حَرَّمَ رَبُّكُمْ" ثُمَّ قال: عليكم أن لا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا عَلَى الْإِغْرَاءِ. قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: يَجُوزُ أَنَّ يَكُونَ هَذَا مَحْمُولًا عَلَى الْمَعْنَى، أَيْ: أَتْلُ عَلَيْكُمْ تَحْرِيمَ الشِّرْكِ، وَجَائِزٌ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَلَى مَعْنَى: أُوصِيكُمْ أَلَّا تُشْرِكُوا بِهِ شَيْئًا. ﴿وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ مِنْ إِمْلَاقٍ﴾ فَقْرٍ، ﴿نَحْنُ نَرْزُقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ﴾ أَيْ: لَا تَئِدُوا بَنَاتِكُمْ خَشْيَةَ الْعَيْلَةِ، فَإِنِّي رَازِقُكُمْ وَإِيَّاهُمْ، ﴿وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ﴾ [مَا ظَهَرَ يَعْنِي: الْعَلَانِيَةَ، وَمَا بَطَنَ] (١) يَعْنِي: السِّرَّ. وَكَانَ أَهْلُ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ يَسْتَقْبِحُونَ الزِّنَا فِي الْعَلَانِيَةِ وَلَا يَرَوْنَ بِهِ بَأْسًا فِي السِّرِّ فَحَرَّمَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى الزِّنَا فِي الْعَلَانِيَةِ وَالسِّرِّ. وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ: مَا ظَهَرَ: الْخَمْرُ، وَمَا بَطَنَ: الزِّنَا. ﴿وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ﴾ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى قَتْلَ الْمُؤْمِنِ وَالْمُعَاهِدِ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ، إِلَّا بِمَا يُبِيحُ قَتْلَهُ مِنْ رِدَّةٍ أَوْ قِصَاصٍ أَوْ زِنًا يُوجِبُ الرَّجْمَ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ ثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْحِيرِيُّ ثَنَا حَاجِبُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الطُّوسِيُّ ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَمَّادٍ ثَنَا أَبُو مُعَاوِيَةَ عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مُرَّةَ عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَأَنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِلَّا بِإِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ: الثَّيِّبُ الزَّانِي، وَالنَّفْسُ بِالنَّفْسِ، وَالتَّارِكُ لِدِينِهِ الْمُفَارِقُ لِلْجَمَاعَةِ" (٢) . ﴿ذَلِكُمُ﴾ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتُ ﴿وَصَّاكُمْ بِهِ﴾ أَمَرَكُمْ بِهِ، ﴿لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾

(١) ساقط من "ب". (٢) أخرجه البخاري في الديات، باب قول الله تعالى: "أن النفس بالنفس.." ١٢ / ٢٠١، ومسلم في القسامة، باب بيان ما يباح به دم المسلم (١٦٧٦) : ٣ / ١٣٠٢، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ١٤٧.