Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/184)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Concerning His saying, Exalted is He: “Indeed, the devils whisper to their allies in order to dispute with you.” That is, the devils whisper to their allies among the idolaters so that they may argue with you. The idolaters said, “O Muhammad, tell us: when a sheep dies, who killed it?” He replied, “Allah killed it.” They said, “Do you claim that what you and your companions kill is lawful, and what a dog or a falcon kills is lawful, yet what Allah kills is forbidden?” Thereupon Allah revealed this verse: “And if you obey them”—that is, in eating carrion—“then indeed you would be idolaters.” Al-Zajjaj said: This proves that whoever declares lawful something that Allah has forbidden, or forbids what Allah has made lawful, is an idolater.

“Is one who was dead, then We gave him life and made for him a light by which he walks among the people, like one who is in darkness, never to emerge from it? Thus has what they used to do been made pleasing to the disbelievers.” (122)

Concerning His saying, glorified is He: “Is one who was dead, then We gave him life”: Nafi recited “dead,” as well as “the flesh of his dead brother” (al-Hujurat, 12) and “the dead earth—We gave it life” (Surah Ya-Sin, 33), with consonant doubling in all three instances, whereas the others recited them without it. “Then We gave him life”: that is, he had been astray, so We guided him; he had been dead through disbelief, so We gave him life through faith. “And We made for him a light” by which he sees clearly, “by which he walks among the people” upon the straight path.

It was said that the light is Islam, owing to His saying, Exalted is He: “He brings them out from darkness into light” (al-Baqarah, 257). Qatadah said: It is the Book of Allah, a clear proof from Allah which accompanies the believer; in accordance with it he acts, by it he takes guidance, and to it he ultimately refers. “Like one whose condition is in darkness”: the word “condition” is supplementary; that is, like one who is in darkness. “Never to emerge from it”: that is, from the darkness of disbelief.

It was said that this verse was revealed concerning two specific men, though the scholars differed over their identities. Ibn Abbas said: “And We made for him a light” refers to Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, while “like one whose condition is in darkness” refers to Abu Jahl ibn Hisham. This was because Abu Jahl threw animal offal at the Messenger of Allah, may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him. Hamza was informed of what Abu Jahl had done as he was returning from hunting with a bow in his hand, before Hamza had accepted faith. He approached in anger and struck Abu Jahl with the bow, while Abu Jahl pleaded with him, saying, “O Abu Ya'la, do you not see what he has brought? He has disparaged our intellects, insulted our gods, and opposed our forefathers.” Hamza said, “Who is more foolish than you? You worship stones besides Allah! I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger.” Thereupon Allah revealed this verse (1).

Al-Dahhak said: It was revealed concerning Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abu Jahl (2).

(1) See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, pp. 257-258. The account of Hamza's conversion to Islam is related by Ibn Hisham in al-Sirah, 1/291-292, and by al-Hakim in al-Mustadrak, 3/192; neither states that the verse was revealed concerning this incident. (2) Tafsir al-Tabari, 12/89; Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 258; al-Durr al-Manthur, 3/352.

قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَإِنَّ الشَّيَاطِينَ لَيُوحُونَ إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِهِمْ لِيُجَادِلُوكُمْ﴾ أَرَادَ أَنَّ الشَّيَاطِينَ لَيُوَسْوِسُونَ إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِهِمْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ لِيُجَادِلُوكُمْ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَالُوا: يَا مُحَمَّدُ أَخْبِرْنَا عَنِ الشَّاةِ إِذَا مَاتَتْ مَنْ قَتَلَهَا؟ فَقَالَ: اللَّهُ قَتَلَهَا، قَالُوا: أَفَتَزْعُمُ أَنَّ مَا قَتَلْتَ أَنْتَ وَأَصْحَابُكَ حَلَالٌ، وَمَا قَتَلَهُ الْكَلْبُ وَالصَّقْرُ حَلَالٌ، وَمَا قَتَلَهُ اللَّهُ حَرَامٌ؟ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ، ﴿وَإِنْ أَطَعْتُمُوهُمْ﴾ فِي أَكْلِ الْمَيْتَةِ، ﴿إِنَّكُمْ لَمُشْرِكُونَ﴾ قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ مَنْ أَحَلَّ شَيْئًا مِمَّا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ أَوْ حَرَّمَ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ فَهُوَ مُشْرِكٌ. ﴿أَوَمَنْ كَانَ مَيْتًا فَأَحْيَيْنَاهُ وَجَعَلْنَا لَهُ نُورًا يَمْشِي بِهِ فِي النَّاسِ كَمَنْ مَثَلُهُ فِي الظُّلُمَاتِ لَيْسَ بِخَارِجٍ مِنْهَا كَذَلِكَ زُيِّنَ لِلْكَافِرِينَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ (١٢٢) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿أَوَمَنْ كَانَ مَيْتًا فَأَحْيَيْنَاهُ﴾ قَرَأَ نَافِعٌ " مَيِّتًا " وَ (لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيِّتًا) (الْحُجُرَاتِ، ١٢) وَ (الْأَرْضُ الْمَيْتَةُ أَحْيَيْنَاهَا) (سُورَةُ يس، ٣٣) بِالتَّشْدِيدِ فِيهِنَّ، وَالْآخَرُونَ بِالتَّخْفِيفِ ﴿فَأَحْيَيْنَاهُ﴾ أَيْ: كَانَ ضَالًّا فَهَدَيْنَاهُ، كَانَ مَيِّتًا بِالْكُفْرِ فَأَحْيَيْنَاهُ بِالْإِيمَانِ، ﴿وَجَعَلْنَا لَهُ نُورًا﴾ يَسْتَضِيءُ بِهِ، ﴿يَمْشِي بِهِ فِي النَّاسِ﴾ عَلَى قَصْدِ السَّبِيلِ، قِيلَ: النُّورُ هُوَ الْإِسْلَامُ، لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى "يُخْرِجُهُمْ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ إِلَى النُّورِ" (الْبَقَرَةِ، ٢٥٧) ، وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: هُوَ كِتَابُ اللَّهِ بَيِّنَةٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِ، بِهَا يَعْمَلُ وَبِهَا يَأْخُذُ وَإِلَيْهَا يَنْتَهِي، ﴿كَمَنْ مَثَلُهُ فِي الظُّلُمَاتِ﴾ الْمَثَلُ صِلَةٌ، أَيْ: كَمَنْ هُوَ فِي الظُّلُمَاتِ، ﴿لَيْسَ بِخَارِجٍ مِنْهَا﴾ يَعْنِي: مِنْ ظُلْمَةِ الْكُفْرِ. قِيلَ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي رَجُلَيْنِ بِأَعْيَانِهِمَا، ثُمَّ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِمَا، قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: جَعَلَنَا لَهُ نُورًا، يُرِيدُ حَمْزَةَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْمَطْلَبِ، كَمَنْ مَثَلُهُ فِي الظُّلُمَاتِ يُرِيدُ أَبَا جَهْلِ بْنَ هِشَامٍ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَا جَهْلٍ رَمَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِفَرْثٍ، فَأُخْبِرَ حَمْزَةُ بِمَا فَعَلَ أَبُو جَهْلٍ وَهُوَ رَاجِعٌ مِنْ قَنْصِهِ وَبِيَدِهِ قَوْسٌ، وَحَمْزَةُ لَمْ يُؤْمِنْ بَعْدُ، فَأَقْبَلَ غَضْبَانَ حَتَّى عَلَا أَبَا جَهْلٍ بِالْقَوْسِ وَهُوَ يَتَضَرَّعُ إِلَيْهِ، وَيَقُولُ: يَا أَبَا يَعْلَى أَمَا تَرَى مَا جَاءَ بِهِ؟ سَفَّهَ عُقُولَنَا وَسَبَّ آلِهَتَنَا وَخَالَفَ آبَاءَنَا، فَقَالَ حَمْزَةُ: وَمَنْ أَسْفَهُ مِنْكُمْ؟ تَعْبُدُونَ الْحِجَارَةَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ، أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ (١) . وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ: نَزَلَتْ فِي عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ وَأَبِي جَهْلٍ (٢) .

(١) انظر: أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (٢٥٧-٢٥٨) ، وذكر قصة إسلام حمزة: ابن هشام في السيرة ١ / ٢٩١-٢٩٢، والحاكم في المستدرك: ٣ / ١٩٢ ولم يذكرا أن الآية نزلت في هذا. (٢) تفسير الطبري: ١٢ / ٨٩، أسباب النزول ص (٢٥٨) ، الدر المنثور: ٣ / ٣٥٢.