Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/127)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

his offspring. Al-Suddi said: Allah Most High sent Gabriel, peace be upon him, to the earth to bring Him a portion of it. The earth said, “I seek refuge in Allah from you taking anything away from me.” So Gabriel returned without taking anything, and said, “My Lord, it sought Your refuge.” He then sent Michael, and it sought refuge from him, so he returned. Then He sent the Angel of Death, and it sought Allah’s refuge from him. He said, “And I seek refuge in Allah from disobeying His command.” So he took from the surface of the earth, mixing its red, black, and white soils; hence the differing colors of the children of Adam. Then he kneaded it with sweet, salty, and bitter water; hence their differing dispositions. Allah Most High then said to the Angel of Death, “Gabriel and Michael showed mercy to the earth, whereas you did not show it mercy. Therefore, I shall place in your hand the souls of those whom I create from this clay.”

It is narrated from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that he said: “Allah created Adam, peace be upon him, from soil and made it clay. Then He left it until it became black, altered mud; then He created and formed him, and left him until he became dry clay like pottery. Then He breathed His spirit into him.” (1)

Regarding His saying, exalted is He, “Then He decreed a term, and a specified term is known to Him”: Al-Hasan, Qatadah, and Al-Dahhak said: The first term is from birth until death, and the second term is from death until the Resurrection; this is the intermediate realm. This was also narrated from Ibn Abbas, who said: Every person has two terms: one extending to death, and another from death until the Resurrection. If he is righteous, God-fearing, and maintains ties of kinship, part of the term until the Resurrection is added to his lifespan; but if he is wicked and severs ties of kinship, his lifespan is reduced and added to the term until the Resurrection.

Mujahid and Sa'id ibn Jubayr said: The first term is the term of this world, and the second term is the term of the Hereafter. Atiyyah narrated from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them, concerning “Then He decreed a term”: it means sleep, during which the soul is taken, then returned upon awakening. “And a specified term is known to Him” means the term of death.

It was also said that the two are one; that is, “Then He decreed a term” (2) means that a period has been appointed for your lives, which you will reach; and “a specified term is known to Him” means that it is a specified term known only to Him. “Yet you are in doubt” means that you doubt the Resurrection.

Regarding His saying, exalted is He, “And He is Allah in the heavens and on the earth”: that is, He is the God of the heavens and the earth, as in His saying, “He is God in heaven and God on earth.” It was also said: He is the One worshipped in the heavens and on the earth. Muhammad ibn Jarir said: Its meaning is that He is in the heavens, knowing your secrets and what you disclose on the earth. Al-Zajjaj said: The wording involves inversion; its intended meaning is: He is Allah, who knows your secrets and what you disclose, in the heavens and on the earth. (3) “And He knows what you earn”: that is, the good and evil that you do.

(1) Reported by Abu Ya'la. Its chain includes Isma'il ibn Rafi'; al-Bukhari said: “Trustworthy, with hadiths close to acceptable,” though the majority deemed him weak. The rest of its narrators are those of the Sahih. Majma' al-Zawa'id, 8:197. (2) An addition from manuscript B. (3) The text within the brackets is omitted from manuscript B.

وَلَدِهِ. قَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: بَعَثَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى جِبْرِيلَ ﵇ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ لِيَأْتِيَهُ بِطَائِفَةٍ مِنْهَا، فَقَالَتِ الْأَرْضُ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنْكَ أَنْ تُنْقِصَ مِنِّي، فَرَجَعَ جِبْرِيلُ وَلَمْ يَأْخُذْ وَقَالَ: يَا رَبِّ إِنَّهَا عَاذَتْ بِكَ، فَبَعَثَ مِيكَائِيلَ، فَاسْتَعَاذَتْ فَرَجَعَ، فَبَعَثَ مَلَكَ الْمَوْتِ فَعَاذَتْ مِنْهُ بِاللَّهِ، فَقَالَ: وَأَنَا أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ أَنْ أُخَالِفَ أَمْرَهُ، فَأَخَذَ مِنْ وَجْهِ الْأَرْضِ فَخَلَطَ الْحَمْرَاءَ وَالسَّوْدَاءَ وَالْبَيْضَاءَ، فَلِذَلِكَ اخْتَلَفَتْ أَلْوَانُ بَنِي آدَمَ، ثُمَّ عَجَنَهَا بِالْمَاءِ الْعَذْبِ وَالْمِلْحِ وَالْمُرِّ، فَلِذَا اخْتَلَفَتْ أَخْلَاقُهُمْ فَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لِمَلَكِ الْمَوْتِ: رَحِمَ جِبْرِيلُ وَمِيكَائِيلُ الْأَرْضَ وَلَمْ تَرْحَمْهَا، لَا جَرَمَ أَجْعَلُ أَرْوَاحَ مَنْ أَخْلُقُ مِنْ هَذَا الطِّينِ بِيَدِكَ. وَرُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ قَالَ "خَلَقَ اللَّهُ آدَمَ ﵇ مِنْ تُرَابٍ وَجَعَلَهُ طِينًا، ثُمَّ تَرَكَهُ حَتَّى كَانَ حَمَأً مَسْنُونًا ثُمَّ خَلَقَهُ وَصَوَّرَهُ وَتَرَكَهُ حَتَّى كَانَ صَلْصَالًا كَالْفَخَّارِ، ثُمَّ نَفَخَ فِيهِ رُوحَهُ" (١) . قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿ثُمَّ قَضَى أَجَلًا وَأَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى عِنْدَهُ﴾ قَالَ الْحَسَنُ وَقَتَادَةُ وَالضَّحَّاكُ: الْأَجَلُ الْأَوَّلُ مِنَ الْوِلَادَةِ إِلَى الْمَوْتِ، وَالْأَجَلُ الثَّانِي مِنَ الْمَوْتِ إِلَى الْبَعْثِ، وَهُوَ الْبَرْزَخُ، وَرُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وَقَالَ: لِكُلِّ أَحَدٍ أَجَلَانِ أَجْلٌ إِلَى الْمَوْتِ وَأَجَلٌ مِنَ الْمَوْتِ إِلَى الْبَعْثِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ بَرًّا تَقِيًّا وَصُولًا لِلرَّحِمِ زِيدَ لَهُ مِنْ أَجَلِ الْبَعْثِ فِي أَجَلِ الْعُمْرِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ فَاجِرًا قَاطِعًا لِلرَّحِمِ نَقُصَ مِنْ أَجَلِ الْعُمْرِ وَزِيدَ فِي أَجَلِ الْبَعْثِ، وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: الْأَجَلُ الْأَوَّلُ أَجَلُ الدُّنْيَا، وَالْأَجَلُ الثَّانِي أَجَلُ الْآخِرَةِ، وَقَالَ عَطِيَّةُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ ﴿ثُمَّ قَضَى أَجَلًا﴾ يَعْنِي: النَّوْمَ تُقْبَضُ فِيهِ الرُّوحُ ثُمَّ تَرْجِعُ عِنْدَ الْيَقَظَةِ، ﴿وَأَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى عِنْدَهُ﴾ يَعْنِي: أَجْلَ الْمَوْتِ، وَقِيلَ: هُمَا وَاحِدٌ مَعْنَاهُ: [ثُمَّ قَضَى أَجَلًا] (٢) يَعْنِي: جُعِلَ لِأَعْمَارِكُمْ مُدَّةً تَنْتَهُونَ إِلَيْهَا، "وَأَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى عِنْدَهُ" يَعْنِي: وَهُوَ أَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى عِنْدَهُ، لَا يَعْلَمُهُ غَيْرُهُ، ﴿ثُمَّ أَنْتُمْ تَمْتَرُونَ﴾ تَشُكُّونَ فِي الْبَعْثِ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَهُوَ اللَّهُ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَفِي الْأَرْضِ﴾ يَعْنِي: وَهُوَ إِلَهُ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ، كَقَوْلِهِ: (وَهُوَ الَّذِي فِي السَّمَاءِ إِلَهٌ وَفِي الْأَرْضِ إِلَهٌ) ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ الْمَعْبُودُ فِي السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ، وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ: مَعْنَاهُ هُوَ فِي السَّمَوَاتِ يَعْلَمُ سِرَّكُمْ وَجَهْرَكُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ، [وَقَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: فِيهِ تَقْدِيمٌ وَتَأْخِيرٌ تَقْدِيرُهُ: وَهُوَ اللَّهُ، ﴿يَعْلَمُ سِرَّكُمْ وَجَهْرَكُمْ﴾ فِي السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ] (٣) ﴿وَيَعْلَمُ مَا تَكْسِبُونَ﴾ تَعْمَلُونَ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ وَالشَّرِّ.

(١) رواه أبو يعلى، وفيه إسماعيل بن رافع، قال البخاري: ثقة مقارب الحديث، وضعفه الجمهور، وبقية رجاله رجال الصحيح. مجمع الزوائد: ٨ / ١٩٧. (٢) زيادة من "ب". (٣) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب".