Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/126)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Regarding His saying, “Praise be to Allah”: Allah praises Himself in order to teach His servants; that is, praise Allah, who created the heavens and the earth. He singled them out for mention because, as His servants see, they are the greatest of created things, and they contain signs and benefits for them. “And He made the darknesses and the light”: making here means creating. Al-Waqidi said: Every occurrence in the Quran of “darknesses” and “light” refers to disbelief and faith, except in this verse, where they mean night and day.

Al-Hasan said: “And He made the darknesses and the light” means disbelief and faith. It was also said that the darknesses mean ignorance and the light means knowledge.

Qatadah said: It means Paradise and Hell.

It was also said that its meaning is: Allah created the heavens and the earth, having already made the darknesses and the light, because He created darkness and light before the heavens and the earth.

Qatadah said: Allah created the heavens before the earth, darkness before light, and Paradise before Hell. It is narrated from Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Allah Most High created creation in darkness, then cast upon them from His light. Whoever was reached by that light was guided, and whoever it missed went astray.” (1)

“Yet those who disbelieve equate others with their Lord.” That is, after this clarification, those who disbelieve set up partners with their Lord. The root meaning is to make one thing equal to another, from which comes the term for equivalence: they make others equal to Allah Most High. One says, “I equated this with that,” when one makes them equal. Al-Nadr ibn Shumayl said that the preposition here has the sense of “away from”: that is, they turn away and deviate from their Lord. Allah Most High says, “A spring from which the servants of Allah drink”—that is, from it.

It was also said that the words, “Yet those who disbelieve equate others with their Lord,” carry a subtle implication, like someone saying: “I bestowed such-and-such upon you and showed you such-and-such favor, yet you deny My blessing.”

“It is He who created you from clay, then decreed a term, and a specified term is known to Him; yet you are in doubt. (2) He is Allah in the heavens and on the earth. He knows what you conceal and what you disclose, and He knows what you earn. (3)”

Regarding His saying, exalted is He, “It is He who created you from clay”: this refers to Adam, peace be upon him. He addressed them in this way, since they were from his

(1) Reported by al-Tirmidhi in al-Iman (Faith), the chapter on the division of this Ummah, 7:401; he said: “This is a hasan hadith.” It was authenticated by Ibn Hibban, p. 449, and al-Hakim, 1:30-31. It was also reported by Imam Ahmad, 2:176, 197. Al-Haythami said: “Ahmad reported it through two chains, as did al-Bazzar and al-Tabarani; the narrators of one of Ahmad’s chains are trustworthy.” Majma' al-Zawa'id, 7:194. Al-Khatib cited it in Mishkat al-Masabih, 1:37, and al-Albani authenticated it.

قَوْلُهُ: "الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ" حَمَدَ اللَّهُ نَفْسَهُ تَعْلِيمًا لِعِبَادِهِ، أَيِ: احْمِدُوا اللَّهَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ، خَصَّهُمَا بِالذِّكْرِ لِأَنَّهُمَا أَعْظَمُ الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ فِيمَا يَرَى الْعِبَادُ، وَفِيهِمَا الْعِبَرُ وَالْمَنَافِعُ لِلْعِبَادِ، ﴿وَجَعَلَ الظُّلُمَاتِ وَالنُّورَ﴾ وَالْجَعْلُ بِمَعْنَى الْخَلْقِ، قَالَ الْوَاقِدَيُّ: كُلُّ مَا فِي الْقُرْآنِ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ وَالنُّورِ فَهُوَ الْكُفْرُ وَالْإِيمَانُ، إِلَّا فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ فَإِنَّهُ يُرِيدُ بِهِمَا اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ. وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ: وَجَعَلَ الظُّلُمَاتِ وَالنُّورَ يَعْنِي الْكُفْرَ وَالْإِيمَانَ، وَقِيلَ: أَرَادَ بِالظُّلُمَاتِ الْجَهْلَ وَبِالنُّورِ الْعِلْمَ. وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: يَعْنِي الْجَنَّةَ وَالنَّارَ. وَقِيلَ: مَعْنَاهُ خَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ، وَقَدْ جَعَلَ الظُّلُمَاتِ وَالنُّورَ، لِأَنَّهُ خَلَقَ الظُّلْمَةَ وَالنُّورَ قَبْلَ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ. قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: خَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّمَوَاتِ قَبْلَ الْأَرْضِ، وَالظُّلْمَةَ قَبْلَ النُّورِ، وَالْجَنَّةَ قَبْلَ النَّارِ، وَرُوِيَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: "إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى خَلَقَ الْخَلْقَ فَى ظُلْمَةٍ، ثُمَّ أَلْقَى عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ نُورِهِ، فَمَنْ أَصَابَهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ النُّورِ اهْتَدَى وَمَنْ أَخْطَأَهُ ضَلَّ" (١) . ﴿ثُمَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ﴾ أَيْ: ثُمَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بَعْدَ هَذَا الْبَيَانِ بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ، أَيْ: يُشْرِكُونَ، وَأَصْلُهُ مِنْ مُسَاوَاةِ الشَّيْءِ بِالشَّيْءِ، وَمِنْهُ الْعَدْلُ، أَيْ: يَعْدِلُونَ بِاللَّهِ غَيْرَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، يُقَالُ: عَدَلْتُ هَذَا بِهَذَا إِذَا سَاوَيْتُهُ، وَبِهِ قَالَ النَّضْرُ بْنُ شُمَيْلٍ، الْبَاءُ بِمَعْنَى عَنْ، أَيْ: عَنْ رَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ، أَيْ يَمِيلُونَ وَيَنْحَرِفُونَ مِنَ الْعُدُولِ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى (عَيْنًا يَشْرَبُ بِهَا عِبَادُ اللَّهِ) أَيْ: مِنْهَا. وَقِيلَ: تَحْتَ قَوْلِهِ "ثُمَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِرَبِّهِمْ يَعْدِلُونَ" مَعْنًى لَطِيفٌ، وَهُوَ مِثْلُ قَوْلِ الْقَائِلِ: أَنْعَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ بِكَذَا وَتَفَضَّلْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ بِكَذَا، ثُمَّ تَكْفُرُونَ بِنِعْمَتِي. ﴿هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ طِينٍ ثُمَّ قَضَى أَجَلًا وَأَجَلٌ مُسَمًّى عِنْدَهُ ثُمَّ أَنْتُمْ تَمْتَرُونَ (٢) وَهُوَ اللَّهُ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَفِي الْأَرْضِ يَعْلَمُ سِرَّكُمْ وَجَهْرَكُمْ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا تَكْسِبُونَ (٣) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ طِينٍ﴾ يَعْنِي آدَمَ ﵇، خَاطَبَهُمْ بِهِ إِذْ كَانُوا مِنْ

(١) أخرجه الترمذي في الإيمان، باب افتراق هذه الأمة: ٧ / ٤٠١، وقال: هذا حديث حسن. وصححه ابن حبان ص (٤٤٩) والحاكم: ١ / ٣٠،٣١. وأخرجه الإمام أحمد: ٢ / ١٧٦، ١٩٧. قال الهيثمي: رواه أحمد بإسنادين، والبزار والطبراني، ورجال أحد إسنادي أحمد ثقات. مجمع الزوائد: ٧ / ١٩٤. وذكره الخطيب في مشكاة المصابيح: ١ / ٣٧ وصححه الألباني.