Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/72)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

His saying, exalted is He, “humble toward the believers,” means tender and merciful, as in His saying: “And lower to them the wing of humility out of mercy.” He did not mean abasement; rather, He meant that they are gentle in their manner toward the believers. It is also said that it derives from the expression “a compliant beast,” meaning that they are humble, as Allah Most High says: “And the servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth humbly.”

“Mighty against the disbelievers,” that is, severe and stern toward them: they regard them as enemies and overcome them. This is from the expression “he overpowered him,” meaning, “he defeated him.” Ata said: “Humble toward the believers” means like a child before his father and a servant before his master; and “mighty against the disbelievers” means like a predator with its prey. Its parallel is His saying, Most High: “Harsh against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves.”

“They strive in the cause of Allah and do not fear the blame of any blamer,” meaning: they do not fear people’s reproach for Allah’s sake. This is because the hypocrites were attentive to the disbelievers and feared their reproach. It is narrated from Ubadah ibn al-Samit that he said: “We pledged allegiance to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, to hear and obey, and to stand—or speak—for the truth wherever we may be, fearing no blamer’s reproach for Allah’s sake.” (1)

“That is the favor of Allah; He grants it to whom He wills,” meaning that their love for Allah, their gentleness toward the Muslims, and their severity toward the disbelievers are from Allah’s favor upon them. “And Allah is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.”

“Your ally is none but Allah, His Messenger, and those who believe—those who establish prayer and give zakah while they bow. And whoever takes Allah, His Messenger, and those who believe as allies, then indeed, the party of Allah—they are the victorious.” (55–56)

“Your ally is none but Allah, His Messenger, and those who believe.” It is narrated from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that this was revealed concerning Ubadah ibn al-Samit and Abdullah ibn Ubayy ibn Salul, when Ubadah renounced the Jews and said, “I take Allah, His Messenger, and those who believe as allies.” Thus, concerning them, there was revealed from His saying: “O you who believe, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies,” up to His saying: “Your ally is none but Allah, His Messenger, and those who believe” (2)—meaning Ubadah ibn al-Samit and the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. (3)

Jabir ibn Abdullah said: Abdullah ibn Salam came to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and said, “O Messenger of Allah, our people, Qurayzah and al-Nadir, have shunned us, parted from us, and sworn that they will not sit with us.” Then this verse was revealed, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, recited it to him. He said, “O Messenger of Allah, we are content with Allah, His Messenger, and the believers as allies.” (4)

According to this interpretation, by His saying, “while they bow,” He meant—

(1) Reported by al-Bukhari in the Book of Legal Rulings, chapter: How the Imam Receives the People's Pledge of Allegiance, 13:192, and in the Book of Tribulations; by Muslim in the Book of Leadership, chapter: The Obligation of Obeying Rulers in What Is Not Disobedience, no. 1709, 3:1470; and in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:46. (2) The text within parentheses is omitted from manuscript B. (3) See above, under the occasion of revelation for verse 51 of this surah; and al-Tabari, 10:424. (4) Reported by al-Wahidi in Asbab al-Nuzul, no. 230, from Jabir and Ibn Abbas. Al-Suyuti attributed a similar report to Ibn Mardawayh, through al-Kalbi, from Abu Salih, from Ibn Abbas; al-Durr al-Manthur, 3:105.

قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿أَذِلَّةٍ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾ يَعْنِي: أَرِقَّاءَ رُحَمَاءَ، لِقَوْلِهِ ﷿: "وَاخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلِّ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ"، وَلَمْ يُرِدْ بِهِ الْهَوَانَ، بَلْ أَرَادَ بِهِ أَنَّ جَانِبَهُمْ لَيِّنٌ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ مِنَ الذُّلِّ مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ دَابَّةٌ ذَلُولٌ، يَعْنِي أَنَّهُمْ مُتَوَاضِعُونَ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: "وَعِبَادُ الرَّحْمَنِ الَّذِينَ يَمْشُونَ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ هَوْنًا"، ﴿أَعِزَّةٍ عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ﴾ أَيْ: أَشِدَّاءَ غِلَاظٍ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ يُعَادُونَهُمْ وَيُغَالِبُونَهُمْ، مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ: عَزَّهُ أَيْ غَلَبَهُ، قَالَ عَطَاءٌ: أَذِلَّةٍ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ: كَالْوَلَدِ لِوَالِدِهِ وَالْعَبْدِ لِسَيِّدِهِ، أَعِزَّةٍ عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ: كَالسَّبُعِ عَلَى فَرِيسَتِهِ، نَظِيرُهُ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: "أَشِدَّاءُ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ رُحَمَاءُ بَيْنَهُمْ". ﴿يُجَاهِدُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَلَا يَخَافُونَ لَوْمَةَ لَائِمٍ﴾ يَعْنِي: لَا يَخَافُونَ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَ النَّاسِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ كَانُوا يُرَاقِبُونَ الْكُفَّارَ وَيَخَافُونَ لَوْمَهُمْ، وَرُوِّينَا عَنْ عُبَادَةَ بْنِ الصَّامِتِ قَالَ: "بَايَعْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى السَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ وَأَنْ نَقُومَ أَوْ نَقُولَ بِالْحَقِّ حَيْثُمَا كُنَّا لَا نَخَافُ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةَ لَائِمٍ" (١) . ﴿ذَلِكَ فَضْلُ اللَّهِ يُؤْتِيهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ﴾ أَيْ مَحَبَّتُهُمْ لِلَّهِ وَلِينُ جَانِبِهِمْ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَشِدَّتُهُمْ عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ، مِنْ فَضْلِ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ، ﴿وَاللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ﴾ ﴿إِنَّمَا وَلِيُّكُمُ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا الَّذِينَ يُقِيمُونَ الصَّلَاةَ وَيُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ وَهُمْ رَاكِعُونَ (٥٥) وَمَنْ يَتَوَلَّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ اللَّهِ هُمُ الْغَالِبُونَ (٥٦) ﴾ ﴿إِنَّمَا وَلِيُّكُمُ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا﴾ [رُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ أَنَّهَا نَزَلَتْ فِي عُبَادَةَ بْنِ الصَّامِتِ وَعَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيِّ بْنِ سَلُولٍ حِينَ تَبَرَّأَ عُبَادَةُ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ، وَقَالَ: أَتَوَلَّى اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا، فَنَزَلَ فِيهِمْ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ: "يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَى أَوْلِيَاءَ"، إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: "إِنَّمَا وَلِيُّكُمُ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا" (٢) يَعْنِي عُبَادَةَ بْنَ الصَّامِتِ وَأَصْحَابَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٣) . وَقَالَ جَابِرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ: جَاءَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَلَامٍ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ قَوْمَنَا قُرَيْظَةُ وَالنَّضِيرُ قَدْ هَجَرُونَا وَفَارَقُونَا وَأَقْسَمُوا أَنْ لَا يُجَالِسُونَا، فَنَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ، فَقَرَأَهَا عَلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: "يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ رَضِينَا بِاللَّهِ وَبِرَسُولِهِ وَبِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ" (٤) . وَعَلَى هَذَا التَّأْوِيلِ أَرَادَ بِقَوْلِهِ: ﴿وَهُمْ رَاكِعُونَ﴾

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الأحكام، باب كيف يبايع الإمام الناس: ١٣ / ١٩٢، وفي الفتن، وأخرجه مسلم في الإمارة، باب وجوب طاعة الأمراء في غير معصية، برقم (١٧٠٩) : ٣ / ١٤٧٠، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ٤٦. (٢) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب". (٣) انظر ما سبق، سبب نزول الآية (٥١) من السورة، والطبري: ١٠ / ٤٢٤. (٤) أخرجه الواحدي في أسباب النزول، (٢٣٠) عن جابر وعن ابن عباس، وعزاه السيوطي لابن مردويه من طريق الكلبي عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس بنحوه، الدر المنثور ٣ / ١٠٥.