Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/69)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Basra recited it with the conjunction and with the final lam in the accusative, coordinated with “that He may bring,” meaning: perhaps the believers will say. The others recited it without the conjunction and with the final lam in the nominative; this is likewise how it appears in the codices of the people of al-Aliyah (the highlands). (1) The conjunction is dispensed with because of this verse’s close connection to what precedes it. That is, the believers will say this when Allah Most High exposes the hypocrisy of the hypocrites: “Are these the ones who swore by Allah with their most solemn oaths that they were surely with you?” That is, they swore by Allah using the gravest of oaths that they were believers. In other words, at that time the believers will marvel at their lies and their false oaths.

Allah Most High says: “Their deeds have come to nothing”: every good deed they performed has been nullified. “And they have become losers”: they lost this world through their disgrace, and the Hereafter through punishment and the loss of reward.

His saying, Most High: “O you who believe, whoever among you renounces his religion, Allah will bring forth a people whom He loves and who love Him.” The people of Madinah and Syria recited yartadid, with two dals, retaining the doubled consonant: “whoever renounces his religion,” meaning, whoever returns to disbelief.

Al-Hasan said: Allah knew that some people would turn back from Islam after the death of their Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and so He informed them that He would bring forth a people whom Allah loves and who love Him.

They differed concerning who these people were. Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, al-Hasan, and Qatadah said: They were Abu Bakr and his companions, who fought the apostates and those who withheld zakah. (2) For when the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, passed away, most of the Arabs apostatized, except for the people of Makkah, Madinah, and Bahrain from Abd al-Qays. Some of them withheld zakah, and Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, resolved to fight them. The Companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, disliked this, and Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “How can we fight the people when Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, said: ‘I have been commanded to fight the people until they testify that there is no deity except Allah. Whoever says it has protected his property and his life from me, except by due right, and his reckoning is with Allah’?”

Abu Bakr said: “By Allah, I will fight whoever differentiates between prayer and zakah, for zakah is the due right upon wealth. By Allah, if they withheld from me even a young she-goat (3) which they used to give to Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, I would fight them for withholding it.” (4)

Anas ibn Malik, may Allah be pleased with him, said: The Companions disliked fighting those who withheld zakah, saying, “They are Muslims.” Abu Bakr then girded himself with his sword and set out alone, and they had no choice but to go out after him.

(1) In manuscript B: “al-Sham.” (2) See al-Tabari, Tafsir, 6:283 (al-Halabi edition). (3) In manuscript B: “a halter.” (4) Narrated by al-Bukhari in Zakat, “The Obligation of Zakat,” 3:262; Muslim in Faith, “The Command to Fight People Until They Say: ‘There is no god but Allah,’” no. 20, 1:51-52; and the author of Sharh al-Sunnah, 1:66-67.

الْبَصْرَةِ بِالْوَاوِ وَنَصْبِ اللَّامِ عَطْفًا عَلَى ﴿أَنْ يَأْتِيَ﴾ أَيْ: وَعَسَى أَنْ يَقُولَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِحَذْفِ الْوَاوِ وَرَفْعِ اللَّامِ، وَكَذَلِكَ هُوَ فِي مَصَاحِفِ أَهْلِ [الْعَالِيَةِ] (١) اسْتِغْنَاءً عَنْ حَرْفِ الْعَطْفِ بِمُلَابَسَةِ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ بِمَا قَبْلَهَا، يَعْنِي يَقُولُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا فِي وَقْتِ إِظْهَارِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى نِفَاقَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ، ﴿أَهَؤُلَاءِ الَّذِينَ أَقْسَمُوا بِاللَّهِ﴾ حَلَفُوا بِاللَّهِ، ﴿جَهْدَ أَيْمَانِهِمْ﴾ أَيْ: حَلَفُوا بِأَغْلَظِ الْأَيْمَانِ، ﴿إِنَّهُمْ لَمَعَكُمْ﴾ أَيْ: إِنَّهُمْ مُؤْمِنُونَ، يُرِيدُ: أَنَّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حِينَئِذٍ يَتَعَجَّبُونَ مِنْ كَذِبِهِمْ وَحَلِفِهِمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿حَبِطَتْ أَعْمَالُهُمْ﴾ بَطَلَ كُلُّ خَيْرٍ عَمِلُوهُ، ﴿فَأَصْبَحُوا خَاسِرِينَ﴾ خَسِرُوا الدُّنْيَا بِافْتِضَاحِهِمْ، وَالْآخِرَةَ بِالْعَذَابِ وَفَوَاتِ الثَّوَابِ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مَنْ يَرْتَدَّ مِنْكُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِ فَسَوْفَ يَأْتِي اللَّهُ بِقَوْمٍ يُحِبُّهُمْ وَيُحِبُّونَهُ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ وَالشَّامِ "يَرْتَدِدْ" بِدَالَيْنِ عَلَى إِظْهَارِ التَّضْعِيفِ "عَنْ دِينِهِ" فَيَرْجِعُ إِلَى الْكُفْرِ. قَالَ الْحَسَنُ: عَلِمَ اللَّهُ ﵎ أَنَّ قَوْمًا يَرْجِعُونَ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ نَبِيِّهِمْ ﷺ فَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّهُ سَيَأْتِي بِقَوْمٍ يُحِبُّهُمُ اللَّهُ وَيُحِبُّونَهُ. وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي أُولَئِكَ الْقَوْمِ مَنْ هُمْ؟ قَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ﵁ وَالْحَسَنُ وَقَتَادَةُ: هُمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَأَصْحَابُهُ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوا أهل الردة ومانعي الزَّكَاةِ (٢) وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَمَّا قُبِضَ ارْتَدَّ عَامَّةُ الْعَرَبِ إِلَّا أَهْلَ مَكَّةَ وَالْمَدِينَةِ وَالْبَحْرَيْنِ مِنْ عَبْدِ الْقَيْسِ، وَمَنَعَ بَعْضُهُمُ الزَّكَاةَ، وَهُمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ﵁ بِقِتَالِهِمْ فَكَرِهَ ذَلِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَقَالَ عُمَرُ ﵁: كَيْفَ نُقَاتِلُ النَّاسَ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ فَمَنْ قَالَهَا فَقَدْ عَصَمَ مِنِّي مَالَهُ وَنَفْسَهُ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهِ وَحِسَابُهُ عَلَى اللَّهِ ﷿؟ " فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: وَاللَّهِ لَأُقَاتِلَنَّ مَنْ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ، فَإِنَّ الزَّكَاةَ حَقُّ الْمَالِ، وَاللَّهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي [عَنَاقًا] (٣) كَانُوا يُؤَدُّونَهَا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَقَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَى مَنْعِهَا" (٤) . قَالَ أَنَسُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ ﵁: كَرِهَتِ الصَّحَابَةُ قِتَالَ مَانِعِي الزَّكَاةِ وَقَالُوا: أَهْلُ الْقِبْلَةِ، فَتَقَلَّدَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ سَيْفَهُ وَخَرَجَ وَحْدَهُ، فَلَمْ يَجِدُوا بُدًّا مِنَ الْخُرُوجِ عَلَى أَثَرِهِ.

(١) في "ب": (الشام) . (٢) انظر: تفسير الطبري: ٦ / ٢٨٣ (طبع الحلبي) . (٣) في "ب": (عقالا) . (٤) أخرجه البخاري في الزكاة، باب وجوب الزكاة ٣ / ٢٦٢، ومسلم في الإيمان، باب الأمر بقتال الناس حتى يقولوا: لا إله إلا الله. برقم (٢٠) : ١ / ٥١-٥٢، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١ / ٦٦-٦٧.