Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/47)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Qatadah said: Allah has made its reward great and its sin grave. Its meaning is that whoever considers it lawful to kill a Muslim without right is as though he has killed all mankind in sin, for no one is safe from him. “And whoever saves a life,” by refraining scrupulously from killing it, “it is as though he has saved all mankind”—in reward, because they are safe from him.

Al-Hasan said: “It is as though he has killed all mankind,” meaning that the same legal retaliation becomes binding upon him for killing that soul as would become binding upon him if he had killed all mankind. “And whoever saves a life,” that is, whoever pardons one against whom he is entitled to legal retaliation and does not kill him, it is as though he has saved all mankind. Sulayman ibn Ali said: “I said to al-Hasan, ‘O Abu Sa'id, does this apply to us as it applied to the Children of Israel?’ He replied, ‘Yes, by Him besides whom there is no deity: the blood of the Children of Israel was not more sacred to Allah than our blood.’”

“Our messengers certainly came to them with clear proofs, yet even after that, many of them persisted in transgression throughout the land.”

“Indeed, the recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive throughout the land spreading corruption is that they be killed or crucified, or that their hands and feet be cut off on opposite sides, or that they be exiled from the land. That is disgrace for them in this world, and in the Hereafter they will have a tremendous punishment.” (33)

“Indeed, the recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive throughout the land spreading corruption”—the verse. Al-Dahhak said: It was revealed concerning a group from the People of the Book who had a covenant with the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. They broke the covenant, waylaid the roads, and spread corruption in the land. (2)

Al-Kalbi said: It was revealed concerning the people of Hilal ibn Uwaymir. The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had concluded a truce with Hilal ibn Uwaymir—who was Abu Burdah al-Aslami—on the condition that neither would aid the other nor aid anyone against him, and that whoever passed by Hilal ibn Uwaymir on his way to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, would be safe and unharmed. A group from Banu Kinanah, seeking Islam, passed by some men of Aslam from the people of Hilal ibn Uwaymir while Hilal was absent. (3) They fell upon them, killed them, and took their property. Then Gabriel, peace be upon him, came down with the ruling concerning them.

Sa'id ibn Jubayr said: It was revealed concerning some people from Uraynah and Ukl who came to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and pledged allegiance to him upon Islam, though they were liars. The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, sent them to the camels of charity, but they apostatized, killed the shepherd ⦗106⦘and drove away the camels.

(1) Added from manuscript B. (2) Al-Tabari narrated it from Ibn Abbas, who said: “They were from the People of the Book, and there was a covenant between them and the Prophet ...” He also narrated from al-Dahhak, who said: “They were a people who had a pact with the Messenger of Allah,” without mentioning that they were from the People of the Book. Tafsir al-Tabari, 6:206 (al-Halabi edition). Al-Suyuti also attributed it to Abd ibn Humayd in al-Durr al-Manthur, 3:69. (3) In manuscript B: “So they were guided to them.”

قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: عَظَّمَ اللَّهُ أَجْرَهَا وَعَظَّمَ وِزْرَهَا، مَعْنَاهُ مَنِ اسْتَحَلَّ قَتْلَ مُسْلِمٍ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ فَكَأَنَّمَا قَتَلَ النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا فِي الْإِثْمِ لِأَنَّهُمْ لَا يَسْلَمُونَ مِنْهُ، ﴿وَمَنْ أَحْيَاهَا﴾ وَتَوَرَّعَ عَنْ قَتْلِهَا، ﴿فَكَأَنَّمَا أَحْيَا النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا﴾ [فِي الثَّوَابِ لِسَلَامَتِهِمْ مِنْهُ. قَالَ الْحَسَنُ: فَكَأَنَّمَا قَتَلَ النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا] (١) يَعْنِي: أَنَّهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْقِصَاصِ بِقَتْلِهَا مِثْلُ الَّذِي يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ لَوْ قَتَلَ النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا، وَمَنْ أَحْيَاهَا: أَيْ عَفَى عَمَّنْ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْقِصَاصُ لَهُ فَلَمْ يَقْتُلْهُ فَكَأَنَّمَا أَحْيَا النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا، قَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ قُلْتُ لِلْحَسَنِ: يَا أَبَا سَعِيدٍ: هِيَ لَنَا كَمَا كَانَتْ لِبَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ؟ قَالَ: إِيْ وَالَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ غَيْرُهُ مَا كَانَتْ دِمَاءُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ أَكْرَمَ عَلَى اللَّهِ مِنْ دِمَائِنَا، ﴿وَلَقَدْ جَاءَتْهُمْ رُسُلُنَا بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ ثُمَّ إِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنْهُمْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْأَرْضِ لَمُسْرِفُونَ﴾ ﴿إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا أَنْ يُقَتَّلُوا أَوْ يُصَلَّبُوا أَوْ تُقَطَّعَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَرْجُلُهُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ أَوْ يُنْفَوْا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ ذَلِكَ لَهُمْ خِزْيٌ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَلَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ (٣٣) ﴾ ﴿إِنَّمَا جَزَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُحَارِبُونَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا﴾ الْآيَةَ. قَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ: نَزَلَتْ فِي قَوْمٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَهْدٌ، فَنَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ وَقَطَعُوا السَّبِيلَ وَأَفْسَدُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ (٢) . وَقَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ: نَزَلَتْ فِي قَوْمِ هِلَالِ بْنِ عُوَيْمِرٍ، وَذَلِكَ أن النبي ﷺ وداع هِلَالَ بْنَ عُوَيْمِرٍ وَهُوَ أَبُو بُرْدَةَ الْأَسْلَمِيُّ عَلَى أَنْ لَا يُعِينَهُ وَلَا يعين عليه، وممن مَرَّ بِهِلَالِ بْنِ عُوَيْمِرٍ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ لَا يُهَاجُ، فَمَرَّ قَوْمٌ مِنْ بَنِي كِنَانَةَ يُرِيدُونَ الْإِسْلَامَ بِنَاسٍ مِنْ أَسَلَمَ مِنْ قَوْمِ هِلَالِ بْنِ عُوَيْمِرٍ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ هِلَالٌ شَاهِدًا [فَشَدُّوا] (٣) عَلَيْهِمْ فَقَتَلُوهُمْ وَأَخَذُوا أَمْوَالَهُمْ فَنَزَلَ جِبْرِيلُ ﵇ بِالْقَضَاءِ فِيهِمْ، وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: نَزَلَتْ فِي نَاسٍ مِنْ عُرَيْنَة وعُكْل أتو النَّبِيَّ ﷺ وَبَايَعُوهُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَهُمْ كَذَبَةٌ فَبَعَثَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى إِبِلِ الصَّدَقَةِ، فَارْتَدُّوا وقتلوا الراعي ١٠٦\أوَاسْتَاقُوا الْإِبِلَ.

(١) زيادة من "ب". (٢) أخرجه الطبري عن ابن عباس قال: كان من أهل الكتاب بينهم وبين النبي عهد ... ، وأخرجه عن الضحاك قال: كان قوم بينهم وبين رسول الله ميثاق - ولم يذكر أنهم من أهل الكتاب. تفسير الطبري: ٦ / ٢٠٦ (طبع الحلبي) وعزاه السيوطي أيضا لعبد بن حميد: الدر المنثور: ٣ / ٦٩. (٣) في "ب": (فهدوا إليهم) .