Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/18)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

and saying, “In the name of Allah; Allah is the Greatest.” (1)

“Today all wholesome things have been made lawful for you. The food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. And chaste women from among the believing women, and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you, are lawful for you when you give them their bridal gifts, seeking chastity, not committing fornication or taking secret lovers. Whoever rejects faith—his deeds have come to nothing, and in the Hereafter he will be among the losers.” (5)

His saying, exalted is He, “Today all wholesome things have been made lawful for you,” means animals slaughtered with the name of Allah mentioned over them. “The food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you” refers to the slaughtered animals of the Jews, the Christians, and those from other nations who entered their religion before the mission of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him; these are lawful for you. But whoever entered their religion after the mission of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, then his slaughtered animal is not lawful.

If a Jew or a Christian slaughters an animal in the name of other than Allah—for example, if a Christian slaughters it in the name of Christ—the scholars differed concerning it. Umar (2) held that it is not lawful, and this was also the view of Rabi'ah. Most scholars, however, held that it is lawful. This was the view of al-Sha'bi, Ata', al-Zuhri, and Makhul. Al-Sha'bi and Makhul were asked about a Christian who slaughters in the name of Christ, and they replied: “It is lawful, for Allah Most High has declared their slaughtered animals lawful while knowing what they say.” Al-Hasan said: “If a Jew or Christian slaughters an animal and mentions the name of other than Allah, and you hear it, then do not eat it. But if it is hidden from you, then eat, for Allah has made it lawful for you.”

His saying, exalted is He, “And your food is lawful for them”: if it is asked, “How could the lawfulness of our food for them be prescribed when they are disbelievers and are not among those addressed by the Sacred Law?” al-Zajjaj said: Its meaning is that it is lawful for you to feed them; thus, the address concerning lawfulness is directed to the Muslims. It was also said: because He mentions the ruling concerning women immediately afterward, yet does not mention that Muslim women are lawful for them, it is as though He said: It is lawful for you to feed them, but unlawful for you to give Muslim women to them in marriage.

His saying, exalted is He, “And chaste women from among the believing women, and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you”: this returns to the first statement and is separate from His saying, “And your food is lawful for them.”

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Adahi (Sacrificial Animals), chapter: One who slaughters with his own hand, 10:18, and in other chapters; by Muslim in al-Adahi, chapter: The recommendation of offering a sacrifice, no. 1966, 3:1556-1557; and by the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 4:334. (2) In manuscript B: “Ibn Umar.”

وَيَقُولُ بِسْمِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ" (١) . ﴿الْيَوْمَ أُحِلَّ لَكُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ وَطَعَامُ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حِلٌّ لَكُمْ وَطَعَامُكُمْ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ إِذَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ مُحْصِنِينَ غَيْرَ مُسَافِحِينَ وَلَا مُتَّخِذِي أَخْدَانٍ وَمَنْ يَكْفُرْ بِالْإِيمَانِ فَقَدْ حَبِطَ عَمَلُهُ وَهُوَ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ (٥) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿الْيَوْمَ أُحِلَّ لَكُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ﴾ يَعْنِي: الذَّبَائِحَ عَلَى اسْمِ اللَّهِ ﷿، ﴿وَطَعَامُ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حِلٌّ لَكُمْ﴾ يُرِيدُ ذَبَائِحَ الْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى وَمَنْ دَخَلَ فِي دِينِهِمْ مِنْ سَائِرِ الْأُمَمِ قَبْلَ مَبْعَثِ النَّبِيِّ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ حَلَالٌ لَكُمْ، فَأَمَّا مَنْ دَخَلَ فِي دِينِهِمْ بَعْدَ مَبْعَثِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ فَلَا تَحِلُّ ذَبِيحَتُهُ، وَلَوْ ذَبَحَ يَهُودِيٌّ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيٌّ عَلَى اسْمِ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ كَالنَّصْرَانِيِّ يَذْبَحُ بِاسْمِ الْمَسِيحِ فَاخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ، قَالَ عُمَرُ (٢) لَا يَحِلُّ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ رَبِيعَةَ، وَذَهَبَ أَكْثَرُ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ إِلَى أَنَّهُ يَحِلُّ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّعْبِيِّ وَعَطَاءٍ وَالزُّهْرِيِّ وَمَكْحُولٍ، سُئِلَ الشَّعْبِيُّ وَمَكْحُولٌ عَنِ النَّصْرَانِيِّ يَذْبَحُ بِاسْمِ الْمَسِيحِ، قَالَا يَحِلُّ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى قَدْ أَحَلَّ ذَبَائِحَهُمْ وَهُوَ يَعْلَمُ مَا يَقُولُونَ، وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ: إِذَا ذَبَحَ الْيَهُودِيُّ أَوِ النَّصْرَانِيُّ فَذَكَرَ اسْمَ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ وَأَنْتَ تَسْمَعُ فَلَا تَأْكُلْهُ فَإِذَا غَابَ عَنْكَ فَكُلْ فَقَدْ أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ لَكَ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَطَعَامُكُمْ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ﴾ فَإِنْ قِيلَ: كَيْفَ شَرَعَ لَهُمْ حِلُّ طَعَامِنَا وَهُمْ كُفَّارٌ لَيْسُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الشَّرْعِ؟ قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: مَعْنَاهُ حَلَالٌ لَكُمْ أَنْ تُطْعِمُوهُمْ فَيَكُونُ خِطَابُ الْحِلِّ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَقِيلَ: لِأَنَّهُ ذَكَرَ عُقَيْبَهُ حُكْمَ النِّسَاءِ، وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ حِلَّ الْمُسْلِمَاتِ لَهُمْ فَكَأَنَّهُ قَالَ حَلَالٌ لَكُمْ أَنْ تُطْعِمُوهُمْ حَرَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ تُزَوِّجُوهُمْ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ وَالْمُحْصَنَاتُ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ﴾ هَذَا رَاجَعٌ إِلَى الْأَوَّلِ مُنْقَطِعٌ عَنْ قَوْلِهِ: "وَطَعَامُكُمْ حَلٌّ لَهُمْ".

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الأضاحي، باب من ذبح بيده: ١٠ / ١٨، وفي أبوب أخرى. ومسلم في الأضاحي، باب استحباب الضحية، برقم (١٩٦٦) : ٣ / ١٥٥٦-١٥٥٧، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٤ / ٣٣٤. (٢) في "ب": (ابن عمر) .