Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/13)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

‘Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; al-Hasan ibn al-Sabbah related to me: I heard Ja‘far ibn ‘Awn; Abu al-‘Umays informed us; Qays ibn Muslim informed us, from Tariq ibn Shihab, from ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, that a Jewish man said to him: “O Commander of the Believers, there is a verse in your Book which you recite. Had it been revealed to us, the community of Jews, we would have taken that day as a festival.” He asked, “Which verse?” The man replied: “Today I have perfected for you your religion, completed My favor upon you, and approved Islam as your religion.” ‘Umar said: “We know the day and the place on which it was revealed to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him: he was standing at ‘Arafah on a Friday.” (1) ‘Umar was indicating that this day was itself a festival for us.

Ibn ‘Abbas said: “That day contained five festivals: Friday, the Day of ‘Arafah, and the festivals of the Jews ⦗101b⦘, Christians, and Magians. The festivals of the religious communities had never before, nor have they since, coincided on a single day.”

Harun ibn ‘Antarah narrated from his father, who said: When this verse was revealed, ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, wept. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said to him, “What makes you weep, O ‘Umar?” He replied, “What made me weep is that our religion had been increasing; but once it has been perfected, nothing has ever been perfected except that it subsequently declines.” He said, “You have spoken the truth.” (2)

This verse was the announcement of the Prophet’s death, peace and blessings be upon him. He lived for eighty-one days after it, and died on a Monday after the sun had passed its zenith, with two nights of Rabi‘ al-Awwal having elapsed [in the year 11 AH; it is also said that he died on the twelfth of Rabi‘ al-Awwal]. (3) His migration had been on the twelfth.

Allah, exalted is He, says: “Today I have perfected for you your religion.” That is, on the day this verse was revealed, I perfected your religion for you—meaning the obligatory duties, the sunnahs, the prescribed punishments, jihad, legal rulings, and what is lawful and unlawful. Thus, after this verse, nothing lawful or unlawful, nor any obligation, was revealed. This is the meaning of Ibn ‘Abbas’s statement, may Allah be pleased with them both. It has also been narrated from him that the verse concerning usury was revealed after it.

Sa‘id ibn Jubayr and Qatadah said: “I have perfected your religion for you,” meaning that no polytheist performed the pilgrimage alongside you.

It was also said: I have made your religion prevail and granted you security from the enemy.

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Tafsir, under the commentary on Surat al-Maidah, chapter: “Today I have perfected for you your religion ...,” 8:270; and also in al-Iman and al-Itisam. It was also narrated by Muslim in al-Tafsir, no. 3017, 4:2313. (2) Narrated by al-Tabari in al-Tafsir, 9:519. Al-Suyuti attributed it to Ibn Abi Shaybah. See al-Durr al-Manthur, 3:18. (3) The words within the parentheses are omitted from manuscript “B.”

أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ حَدَّثَنِي الْحَسَنُ بْنُ الصَّبَاحِ سَمِعَ جَعْفَرَ بْنَ عَوْنٍ أَنَا أَبُو الْعُمَيْسِ أَنَا قَيْسُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ طَارِقِ بْنِ شِهَابٍ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ﵁ أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنَ الْيَهُودِ قَالَ لَهُ: "يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ آيَةٌ فِي كِتَابِكُمْ تَقْرَأُونَهَا، لَوْ عَلَيْنَا مَعْشَرَ الْيَهُودِ نَزَلَتْ لَاتَّخَذْنَا ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ عِيدًا، قَالَ: أَيَّةُ آيَةٍ؟ قَالَ: "الْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ وَأَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِي وَرَضِيتُ لَكُمُ الْإِسْلَامَ دِينًا" قَالَ عُمَرُ: قَدْ عَرْفَنَا ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ وَالْمَكَانَ الَّذِي نَزَلَتْ فِيهِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَهُوَ قَائِمٌ بِعَرَفَةَ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ (١) . أَشَارَ عُمَرُ إِلَى أَنَّ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ كَانَ عِيدًا لَنَا". قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: كَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ خَمْسَةُ أَعْيَادٍ: جُمْعَةٌ وَعَرَفَةُ وعيد اليهود ١٠١/ب وَالنَّصَارَى وَالْمَجُوسِ، وَلَمْ تَجْتَمِعْ أَعْيَادُ أَهْلِ الْمِلَلِ فِي يَوْمٍ قَبْلَهُ وَلَا بَعْدَهُ. رَوَى هَارُونُ بْنُ عَنْتَرَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: لَمَا نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ بَكَى عُمَرُ ﵁، فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "مَا يُبْكِيكَ يَا عُمَرُ"؟ فَقَالَ: أَبْكَانِي أَنَّا كُنَّا فِي زِيَادَةٍ مِنْ دِينِنَا، فَأَمَّا إِذَا كَمُلَ فَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْءٌ قَطُّ إِلَّا نَقُصَ، قَالَ: صَدَقْتَ (٢) . وَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ نَعْيَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَعَاشَ بَعْدَهَا إِحْدَى وَثَمَانِينَ يَوْمًا، وَمَاتَ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ بَعْدَمَا زَاغَتِ الشَّمْسُ لِلَيْلَتَيْنِ خَلَتَا مِنْ شَهْرِ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ [سَنَةَ إِحْدَى عَشْرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، وَقِيلَ: تُوُفِّيَ يَوْمَ الثَّانِي عَشَرَ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ] (٣) وَكَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ فِي الثَّانِي عَشَرَ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿الْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ﴾ يَعْنِي: يَوْمَ نُزُولِ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ، يَعْنِي الْفَرَائِضَ وَالسُّنَنَ وَالْحُدُودَ وَالْجِهَادَ وَالْأَحْكَامَ وَالْحَلَالَ وَالْحَرَامَ، فَلَمَّ يَنْزِلْ بَعْدَ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ حَلَالٌ وَلَا حَرَامٌ، وَلَا شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْفَرَائِضِ. هَذَا مَعْنَى قَوْلِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄، وَرُوِيَ عَنْهُ أَنَّ آيَةَ الرِّبَا نَزَلَتْ بَعْدَهَا. وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ وَقَتَادَةُ: أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ فَلَمْ يَحُجَّ مَعَكُمْ مُشْرِكٌ. وَقِيلَ: أَظْهَرْتُ دِينَكُمْ وَأَمَّنْتُكُمْ مِنَ الْعَدُوِّ.

(١) أخرجه البخاري في التفسير، تفسير سورة المائدة، باب "اليوم أكملت لكم دينكم ... ": ٨ / ٢٧٠، وفي الإيمان، والاعتصام. وأخرجه مسلم في التفسير، برقم (٣٠١٧) : ٤ / ٢٣١٣. (٢) أخرجه الطبري في التفسير: ٩ / ٥١٩، وعزاه السيوطي لابن أبي شيبة. انظر الدر المنثور: ٣ / ١٨. (٣) ما بين القوسين ساقط من: "ب".