Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/316)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

His saying, exalted is He: “They ask you for a ruling. Say, ‘Allah gives you a ruling concerning one who leaves neither parent nor child.’” This was revealed concerning Jabir ibn Abd Allah, may Allah be pleased with him. He said: “The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, visited me while I was ill and unconscious. He performed ablution and poured some of its water over me, whereupon I regained consciousness. I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, who will inherit from me? I have only collateral relatives to inherit from me.’ Then the verse was revealed: ‘They ask you for a ruling. Say, “Allah gives you a ruling concerning one who leaves neither parent nor child.”’” (1)

We have already explained the meaning of kalalah and the ruling of this verse at the beginning of the surah. (2)

This verse sets out the ruling regarding the inheritance of full siblings or paternal siblings.

His saying, “They ask you for a ruling,” means: they inquire of you and ask you. “Say, ‘Allah gives you a ruling concerning one who leaves neither parent nor child: if a man dies leaving no child but has a sister, she shall have half of what he leaves; and he shall inherit from her’”—that is, if the sister dies, all her inheritance belongs to the brother—“if she has no child.” If she has a son, the brother receives nothing; but if her child is female, the brother receives whatever remains after the daughters’ prescribed shares. “If there are two sisters, they shall have two-thirds of what he leaves”: this means two or more. Thus, whoever dies leaving sisters, they receive two-thirds. “But if there are brothers and sisters, then the male shall have the share of two females.” “Allah makes this clear to you lest you go astray.” Al-Farra’, may Allah have mercy on him, and Abu Ubaydah said: its meaning is, “so that you do not go astray.” It was also said that it means: Allah makes it clear to you out of dislike that you should go astray. “And Allah is Knowing of all things.”

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; Abd Allah ibn Raja’ informed us; Isra’il informed us, from Abu Ishaq, from al-Bara’, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: “The last surah to be revealed was”

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in the commentary on Surat al-Nisa, under the chapter “Allah instructs you concerning your children” (8:243), and in the Book of Ablution; by Muslim in the Book of Inheritance, chapter “The inheritance of kalalah” (one who leaves neither parent nor child), no. 1616 (3:1234); and by the author of Sharh al-Sunnah (8:336-337). (2) See above, the commentary on verse 12 of this surah.

قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِي الْكَلَالَةِ﴾ نَزَلَتْ فِي جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ﵁، قَالَ: عَادَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَنَا مَرِيضٌ لَا أَعْقِلُ، فَتَوَضَّأَ وَصَبَّ عَلَيَّ مِنْ وُضُوئِهِ، فَعَقَلِتُ فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ لِمَنِ الْمِيرَاثُ إِنَّمَا يَرِثُنِي الْكَلَالَةُ؟ فَنَزَلَتْ "يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِي الْكَلَالَةِ" (١) ، وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا مَعْنَى الْكَلَالَةِ وَحُكْمَ الْآيَةِ فِي أَوَّلِ السُّورَةِ (٢) . وَفِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ بَيَانُ حُكْمِ مِيرَاثِ الْأُخُوَةِ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ أَوْ لِلْأَبِ. قَوْلُهُ ﴿يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ﴾ أَيْ: يَسْتَخْبِرُونَكَ وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ، ﴿قُلِ اللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِي الْكَلَالَةِ﴾ ﴿إِنِ امْرُؤٌ هَلَكَ لَيْسَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَهُ أُخْتٌ فَلَهَا نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ وَهُوَ يَرِثُهَا﴾ يَعْنِي إِذَا مَاتَتِ الْأُخْتُ فَجَمِيعُ مِيرَاثِهَا لِلْأَخِ، ﴿إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا وَلَدٌ﴾ فَإِنْ كَانَ لَهَا ابْنٌ فَلَا شَيْءَ لِلْأَخِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ وَلَدُهَا أُنْثَى فَلِلْأَخِ مَا فَضُلَ عَنْ فَرْضِ الْبَنَاتِ، ﴿فَإِنْ كَانَتَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُمَا الثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَ﴾ أَرَادَ اثْنَتَيْنِ فَصَاعِدًا، وَهُوَ أَنَّ مَنْ مَاتَ وَلَهُ أَخَوَاتٌ فَلَهُنَّ الثُّلْثَانِ، ﴿وَإِنْ كَانُوا إِخْوَةً رِجَالًا وَنِسَاءً فَلِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ﴾ ، ﴿يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَضِلُّوا﴾ قَالَ الْفَرَّاءُ رَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ وَأَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ: مَعْنَاهُ أَنْ لَا تَضِلُّوا، وَقِيلَ: مَعْنَاهُ يُبَيَّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ كَرَاهَةَ أَنْ تَضِلُّوا، ﴿وَاللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ﴾ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ رَجَاءٍ، أَنَا إِسْرَائِيلُ، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ الْبَرَاءِ ﵃ قَالَ: آخِرُ سُورَةٍ نَزَلَتْ

(١) أخرجه البخاري في تفسير سورة النساء، باب يوصيكم الله في أولادكم: ٨ / ٢٤٣، وفي الوضوء، ومسلم في الفرائض - باب ميراث الكلالة، برقم (١٦١٦) : ٣ / ١٢٣٤، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٨ / ٣٣٦ - ٣٣٧) . (٢) انظر فيما سبق، تفسير الآية (١٢) من السورة.