Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/315)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“So believe in Allah and His messengers, and do not say, ‘They are three.’ Desist; that is better for you. Allah is but One God. Exalted is He above having a child. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth; and Allah is sufficient as a Guardian.”

Know that adoption cannot be ascribed to Allah Most High, for adoption can only be conceived of in the case of one for whom having a child is conceivable.

“Christ would never disdain to be a servant of Allah, nor would the angels brought near to Him. Whoever disdains His worship and is arrogant, He will gather them all before Him.” (172)

Allah Most High says, “Christ would never disdain to be a servant of Allah.” This was because the delegation from Najran said, “O Muhammad, you disparage our companion by saying that he is Allah’s servant.” The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “It is no disgrace for Jesus, peace be upon him, to be a servant of Allah.” Then the following was revealed: “Christ would never disdain”—that is, he would neither regard it with aversion nor consider himself too great for it. Disdain is arrogance accompanied by aversion.

“Nor would the angels brought near to Him”: they are the bearers of the Throne, and they do not disdain to be servants of Allah. Those who maintain that the angels are superior to human beings cite this verse as evidence, claiming that Allah Most High progresses from Jesus to the angels, and that one only progresses to what is higher. One would not say, “So-and-so does not disdain this, nor does his servant”; rather, one would say, “So-and-so does not disdain this, nor does his master.” Yet they have no proof in this, for He did not mention this in order to raise the rank of the angels above that of human beings. Rather, it was a refutation of those who say that the angels are gods, just as He refuted the Christians’ claim that the Messiah is the son of Allah. It was also said in response to the Christians according to their own assertion, for they hold the angels to be superior.

Allah Most High says, “Whoever disdains His worship and is arrogant, He will gather them all before Him.” It was said that disdain is arrogance accompanied by aversion, while arrogance is haughtiness and pride without aversion.

“As for those who believe and do righteous deeds, He will give them their rewards in full and increase them from His bounty. But as for those who disdain and are arrogant, He will punish them with a painful punishment, and they will find for themselves no protector or helper besides Allah. O mankind, there has come to you a decisive proof from your Lord, and We have sent down to you a clear light.” (173–174)

“As for those who believe and do righteous deeds, He will give them their rewards in full and increase them from His bounty”—with a multiplication such as no eye has seen, no ear has heard, and no human heart has conceived. “But as for those who disdain and are arrogant” toward His worship, “He will punish them with a painful punishment, and they will find for themselves no protector or helper besides Allah.”

Allah, glorified and exalted is He, says, “O mankind, there has come to you a decisive proof from your Lord,” meaning Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. This is the view of most Quran commentators. It was also said that it means the Quran. A decisive proof is an evidence. “And We have sent down to you a clear light”: that is, the Quran.

﴿فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَلَا تَقُولُوا ثَلَاثَةٌ﴾ أَيْ: وَلَا تَقُولُوا هُمْ ثَلَاثَةٌ، وَكَانَتِ النَّصَارَى تَقُولُ: أَبٌ وَابْنٌ وَرُوحٌ قُدُسٌ، ﴿انْتَهُوا خَيْرًا لَكُمْ﴾ تَقْدِيرُهُ: انْتَهُوا يَكُنِ الِانْتِهَاءُ خَيْرًا لَكُمْ، ﴿إِنَّمَا اللَّهُ إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ﴾ وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ التَّبَنِّيَ لَا يَجُوزُ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى، لِأَنَّ التَّبَنِّيَ إِنَّمَا يَجُوزُ لِمَنْ يُتَصَوَّرُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ، ﴿لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ وَكِيلًا﴾ ﴿لَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفَ الْمَسِيحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَبْدًا لِلَّهِ وَلَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ الْمُقَرَّبُونَ وَمَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفْ عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ وَيَسْتَكْبِرْ فَسَيَحْشُرُهُمْ إِلَيْهِ جَمِيعًا (١٧٢) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿لَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفَ الْمَسِيحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَبْدًا لِلَّهِ﴾ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ وَفْدَ نَجْرَانَ قَالُوا: يَا مُحَمَّدُ إِنَّكَ تَعِيبُ صَاحِبَنَا فَتَقُولُ: إِنَّهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: " إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِعَارٍ لِعِيسَى ﵇ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَبْدًا لِلَّهِ"، فَنَزَلَ: ﴿لَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفَ الْمَسِيحُ﴾ لَنْ يَأْنَفَ وَلَنْ يَتَعَظَّمَ، وَالِاسْتِنْكَافُ: التَّكَبُّرُ مَعَ الْأَنَفَةِ، ﴿وَلَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ الْمُقَرَّبُونَ﴾ وَهُمْ حَمَلَةُ الْعَرْشِ، لَا يَأْنَفُونَ أَنْ يَكُونُوا عَبِيدًا لِلَّهِ، وَيَسْتَدِلُّ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ مَنْ يَقُولُ بِتَفْضِيلِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ عَلَى الْبَشَرِ، لِأَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى ارْتَقَى مِنْ عِيسَى إِلَى الْمَلَائِكَةِ، وَلَا يُرْتَقَى إِلَّا إِلَى الْأَعْلَى، لَا يُقَالُ: لَا يَسْتَنْكِفُ فُلَانٌ مِنْ هَذَا وَلَا عَبْدُهُ، إِنَّمَا يُقَالُ: فُلَانٌ لَا يَسْتَنْكِفُ مِنْ هَذَا وَلَا مَوْلَاهُ، وَلَا حُجَّةَ لَهُمْ فِيهِ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقُلْ ذَلِكَ رَفْعًا لِمَقَامِهِمْ عَلَى مَقَامِ الْبَشَرِ، بَلْ رَدًّا عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَقُولُونَ الْمَلَائِكَةُ آلِهَةٌ، كَمَا رَدَّ عَلَى النَّصَارَى قَوْلَهُمْ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ اللَّهِ، وَقَالَ رَدًّا عَلَى النَّصَارَى بِزَعْمِهِمْ، فَإِنَّهُمْ يَقُولُونَ بِتَفْضِيلِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَمَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفْ عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ وَيَسْتَكْبِرْ فَسَيَحْشُرُهُمْ إِلَيْهِ جَمِيعًا﴾ قِيلَ الِاسْتِنْكَافُ هُوَ التَّكَبُّرُ مَعَ الْأَنَفَةِ، وَالِاسْتِكْبَارُ هُوَ الْعُلُوُّ وَالتَّكَبُّرُ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنَفَةٍ. ﴿فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ فَيُوَفِّيهِمْ أُجُورَهُمْ وَيَزِيدُهُمْ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ اسْتَنْكَفُوا وَاسْتَكْبَرُوا فَيُعَذِّبُهُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا وَلَا يَجِدُونَ لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلِيًّا وَلَا نَصِيرًا (١٧٣) يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ قَدْ جَاءَكُمْ بُرْهَانٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ وَأَنْزَلْنَا إِلَيْكُمْ نُورًا مُبِينًا (١٧٤) ﴾ ﴿فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ فَيُوَفِّيهِمْ أُجُورَهُمْ وَيَزِيدُهُمْ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ﴾ مِنَ التَّضْعِيفِ مَا لَا عَيْنٌ رَأَتْ وَلَا أُذُنٌ سَمِعَتْ وَلَا خَطَرَ عَلَى قَلْبِ بَشَر، ﴿وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ اسْتَنْكَفُوا وَاسْتَكْبَرُوا﴾ عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ، ﴿فَيُعَذِّبُهُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا وَلَا يَجِدُونَ لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلِيًّا وَلَا نَصِيرًا﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ قَدْ جَاءَكُمْ بُرْهَانٌ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ﴾ يَعْنِي: مُحَمَّدًا ﷺ، هَذَا قَوْلُ أَكْثَرِ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ الْقُرْآنُ، وَالْبُرْهَانُ: الْحُجَّةُ، ﴿وَأَنْزَلْنَا إِلَيْكُمْ نُورًا مُبِينًا﴾ مُبِينًا يَعْنِي الْقُرْآنَ.