Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/311)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

in age. His miracle was manifested in his own person: he lived for a thousand years without losing a tooth, without a single hair turning grey, and without any diminution of strength. No prophet endured the harm of his people with the patience he showed throughout his long life.

His words, exalted is He: “And We revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes; and to Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon; and We gave David the Psalms.” Al-A‘mash and Hamzah recited it as zubūran (“scriptures”), with the zāy vowelled with u wherever it occurs. It is the plural of zabūr, meaning: We gave David written books and scrolls. The others recited it with the zāy vowelled with a, and this is the name of the Book which Allah, exalted is He, sent down to David (peace be upon him). It contained praise, glorification, and commendation of Allah, glorified and exalted is He.

David would go out into the open country, stand, and recite the Psalms. The scholars of the Children of Israel would stand with him, behind him; the people would stand behind the scholars; and the jinn behind the people, each multitude greater than the one before it. The devils stood behind the jinn, while the animals in the mountains would come and stand before him, amazed by what they heard from him, and the birds would flutter above their heads. When he committed the sin, he no longer saw this. It was said to him: “That is the intimacy of obedience, whereas this is the desolation of disobedience.”

Abu Sa‘id al-Shurayhi informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Tha‘labi informed us; Abu Bakr al-Jawzaqi informed me; Abu al-‘Abbas informed me; Yahya ibn Zakariyya informed me; al-Hasan ibn Hammad informed me; Yahya ibn Sa‘id al-Umawi narrated to us, from Talhah ibn Yahya, from Abu Burdah ibn Abi Musa, from his father, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Had you seen me last night as I listened to your recitation! You have indeed been given one of the flutes of the House of David.” He replied, “By Allah, Messenger of Allah, had I known that you were listening, I would certainly have made it even more beautiful—I would certainly have made it even more beautiful.” (1) Whenever ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, saw him, he would say, “Remind us, Abu Musa,” and he would recite for him.

“And [We sent] messengers We have already related to you before, and messengers We have not related to you. And Allah spoke to Moses directly.” (164)

His words, exalted is He: “And messengers We have already related to you before”—that is, just as We revealed to Noah and to the messengers. The word “messengers” is in the accusative because the preposition has been omitted. It has also been said that its meaning is: And We related to you messengers. In the recitation of Ubayy, it is: “And messengers We have already related to you before.”

“And messengers We have not related to you; and Allah spoke to Moses directly.” Al-Farra’ said: The Arabs call whatever is conveyed to a person “speech,” regardless of the means by which it reaches him; but they do not establish it as such by using the verbal noun. When it is reinforced by the verbal noun, it can only mean genuine speech—as with willing: one says, “So-and-so willed a will (2),” meaning actual willing;

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in Fada'il al-Quran (Virtues of the Quran), the chapter on having a beautiful voice when reciting the Quran, 9/92; and by Muslim in Salat al-Musafirin (the prayer of travelers), the chapter on the recommendation of beautifying one's voice when reciting the Quran, no. 793, 1/546. Both omit Abu Musa's statement: "Had I known, I would have embellished it for you greatly." Ibn Hajar said in Fath al-Bari, 9/93: "Abu Ya'la also narrated it through Sa'id ibn Abi Burdah, from his father, with an additional wording. He mentioned the hadith and said: 'Indeed, had I known where you were, I would have embellished it for you greatly.'" (2) In manuscript A: "yuradu" (is intended).

عُمُرًا وَجُعِلَتْ مُعْجِزَتُهُ فِي نَفْسِهِ، لِأَنَّهُ عَمَّرَ أَلْفَ سَنَةٍ فَلَمْ تَسْقُطْ لَهُ سِنٌّ وَلَمْ تَشِبْ لَهُ شَعْرَةٌ وَلَمْ تَنْتَقِصْ لَهُ قُوَّةٌ، وَلَمْ يَصْبِرْ نَبِيٌّ عَلَى أَذَى قَوْمِهِ مَا صَبَرَ هُوَ عَلَى طُولِ عُمُرِهِ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطِ﴾ وَهُمْ أَوْلَادُ يَعْقُوبَ، ﴿وَعِيسَى وَأَيُّوبَ وَيُونُسَ وَهَارُونَ وَسُلَيْمَانَ وَآتَيْنَا دَاوُدَ زَبُورًا﴾ قَرَأَ الْأَعْمَشُ وَحَمْزَةُ: ﴿زُبُورًا﴾ وَالزُّبُورُ بِضَمِّ الزَّايِ حَيْثُ كَانَ، بِمَعْنَى: جَمْعُ زَبُورٍ، أَيْ آتَيْنَا دَاوُدَ كُتُبًا وَصُحُفًا مَزْبُورَةً، أَيْ: مَكْتُوبَةً، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِفَتْحِ الزَّايِ وَهُوَ اسْمُ الْكِتَابِ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَلَى دَاوُدَ ﵇، وَكَانَ فِيهِ التَّحْمِيدُ وَالتَّمْجِيدُ وَالثَّنَاءُ عَلَى اللَّهِ ﷿، وَكَانَ دَاوُدُ يَبْرُزَ إِلَى الْبَرِيَّةِ فَيَقُومُ وَيَقْرَأُ الزَّبُورَ وَيَقُومُ مَعَهُ عُلَمَاءُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، فَيَقُومُونَ خَلْفَهُ وَيَقُومُ النَّاسُ خَلْفَ الْعُلَمَاءِ، وَيَقُومُ الْجِنُّ خَلْفَ النَّاسِ، الْأَعْظَمُ فَالْأَعْظَمُ، وَالشَّيَاطِينُ خَلْفَ الْجِنِّ وَتَجِيءُ الدَّوَابُّ الَّتِي فِي الْجِبَالِ فَيَقُمْنَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ تَعَجُّبًا لِمَا يَسْمَعْنَ مِنْهُ، وَالطَّيْرُ ترفرف على رؤوسهم، فَلِمَا قَارَفَ الذَّنْبَ لَمْ يَرَ ذَلِكَ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: ذَاكَ أُنْسُ الطَّاعَةِ، وَهَذِهِ وَحْشَةُ الْمَعْصِيَةِ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الشُّرَيْحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الثَّعْلَبِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْجَوْزَقِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ، أَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ زَكَرِيَّا، أَنَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ حَمَّادٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْأُمَوِيُّ، عَنْ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ يَحْيَى، عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُوسَى، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَوْ رَأَيْتَنِي الْبَارِحَةَ وَأَنَا أَسْتَمِعُ لِقِرَاءَتِكَ لَقَدْ أُعْطِيتَ مِزْمَارًا مِنْ مَزَامِيرِ آلِ دَاوُدَ"، فَقَالَ: أَمَا وَاللَّهِ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ لَوْ عَلِمْتُ أَنَّكَ تَسْتَمِعُ لَحَبَّرْتُهُ لحَبَّرْتُهُ" (١) وَكَانَ عُمَرُ ﵁ إِذَا رَآهُ يَقُولُ: ذَكِّرْنَا يَا أَبَا مُوسَى، فَيَقْرَأُ عِنْدَهُ. ﴿وَرُسُلًا قَدْ قَصَصْنَاهُمْ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَرُسُلًا لَمْ نَقْصُصْهُمْ عَلَيْكَ وَكَلَّمَ اللَّهُ مُوسَى تَكْلِيمًا (١٦٤) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَرُسُلًا قَدْ قَصَصْنَاهُمْ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ قَبْلُ﴾ أَيْ: وَكَمَا أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَى نُوحٍ وَإِلَى الرُّسُلِ، ﴿وَرُسُلًا﴾ نُصِبَ بِنَزْعِ حَرْفِ الصِّفَةِ، وَقِيلَ: مَعْنَاهُ وَقَصَصْنَا عَلَيْكَ رُسُلًا وَفِي قِرَاءَةِ أُبَيٍّ " وَرُسُلٌ قَدْ قَصَصْنَاهُمْ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ قَبْلُ " ﴿وَرُسُلًا لَمْ نَقْصُصْهُمْ عَلَيْكَ وَكَلَّمَ اللَّهُ مُوسَى تَكْلِيمًا﴾ قَالَ الْفَرَّاءُ: الْعَرَبُ تُسَمِّي مَا يُوصَلُ إِلَى الْإِنْسَانِ كَلَامًا بِأَيِّ طَرِيقِ وَصَلَ، وَلَكِنْ لَا تُحَقِّقُهُ بِالْمَصْدَرِ، فَإِذَا حُقِّقَ بِالْمَصْدَرِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ إِلَّا حَقِيقَةَ الْكَلَامِ -كَالْإِرَادَةِ -يُقَالُ: أَرَادَ فَلَانٌ إِرَادَةً، يُرِيدُ (٢) حَقِيقَةَ الْإِرَادَةِ،

(١) أخرجه البخاري في فضائل القرآن، باب حسن الصوت بالقراءة للقرآن: ٩ / ٩٢، ومسلم في صلاة المسافرين، باب استحباب تحسين الصوت بالقرآن برقم (٧٩٣) : ١ / ٥٤٦، كلاهما دون قول أبي موسى: لو علمت لحبرته لك تحبيرا. قال ابن حجر في الفتح: ٩ / ٩٣ "وأخرجه أبو يعلى من طريق سعيد بن أبي بردة عن أبيه بزيادة فيه، فذكر الحديث فقال: أما إني لو علمت بمكانك لحيرته لك تحبيرا". (٢) في أ: (يراد) .