Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/304)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Allah does not love the public mention of evil, except by one who has been wronged; and Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing. If you disclose a good deed or conceal it, or pardon an evil, then indeed Allah is Ever-Pardoning, All-Powerful.”

His saying, “Allah does not love the public mention of evil, except by one who has been wronged,” means: Allah does not love the open utterance of vile speech, except from one who has been wronged. Thus, it is permissible for the wronged person to speak of the oppressor’s injustice and to supplicate against him. Allah, Most High, says: “Whoever avenges himself after having been wronged—there is no cause for blame against such people” (al-Shura 42:41). Al-Hasan said: His supplication against him is to say, “O Allah, help me against him. O Allah, restore to me my right from him.” It was also said: If he is insulted, he may return an equivalent insult, without exceeding it.

Abu Abd Allah al-Khiraqi informed us; Abu al-Hasan al-Taysafuni informed me; Abd Allah ibn Umar al-Jawhari informed me; Ahmad ibn Ali al-Kushmihani informed me; Ali ibn Hujr informed me; Ismaʿil ibn Jaʿfar informed us; al-ʿAlaʾ ibn Abd al-Rahman informed me, from his father, from Abu Hurayrah—may Allah be pleased with him—that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him, said: “When two people insult one another, the burden of what they say falls upon the one who began it, so long as the wronged person does not transgress.” (1)

Mujahid said that this concerns a guest who stays with a people but who do not receive him as a guest or treat him hospitably: he may complain and mention what was done to him. Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nuʿaymi informed me; Muhammad ibn Yusuf related to us; Muhammad ibn Ismaʿil informed me; Qutaybah ibn Saʿid informed me; al-Layth informed me, from Yazid ibn Abi Habib, from Abu al-Khayr, from ʿUqbah ibn ʿAmir, who said: We said, “O Messenger of Allah, you send us out, and we stay with a people who do not receive us as guests. What do you think?” The Messenger of Allah, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him, said to us: “If you stay with a people and they provide for you what is due to a guest, then accept it. But if they do not do so, then take from them the right due to a guest which they are obliged to provide.” (2)

Al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim and Zayd ibn Aslam recited it as, “except one who commits wrong,” with both the ẓaʾ and the lam carrying a fathah. Its meaning is: Rather, openly speak evil of the wrongdoer. It was also said that its meaning is: Allah does not love the public mention of evil, but the one who has been wronged may speak openly. The first recitation is the well-known one. “And Allah is All-Hearing”—of the wronged person’s supplication—“All-Knowing”—of the punishment of the oppressor.

His saying, Most High, “If you disclose a good deed,” means a righteous deed: if he performs it, ten good deeds are recorded for him; and if he intends it but does not perform it, one good deed is recorded for him. This is the meaning of His saying, “or conceal it.” It was also said that what is meant by good is wealth; that is, if you disclose a charity that you give openly, or conceal it by giving it secretly. “Or pardon an evil,” meaning, an injustice done to you. “Then indeed Allah is Ever-Pardoning, All-Powerful”: He is more deserving of overlooking your faults on the Day of Resurrection.

(1) Narrated by Muslim in The Book of Righteousness and Maintaining Ties of Kinship, chapter: “The Prohibition of Insulting,” no. 2587, 4:2000; by al-Bukhari in Al-Adab al-Mufrad, p. 127; and by the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 13:133. (2) Narrated by al-Bukhari in The Book of Wrongs, chapter: “Retaliation for the Oppressed Person When He Finds Some of His Oppressor’s Property,” 5:107-108; also in Al-Adab; and by Muslim in The Book of Lost Property, chapter: “Hospitality and Related Matters,” no. 1727, 3:1353; and by the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 11:339.

﴿لَا يُحِبُّ اللَّهُ الْجَهْرَ بِالسُّوءِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ إِلَّا مَنْ ظُلِمَ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ سَمِيعًا عَلِيمًا (١٤٨) إِنْ تُبْدُوا خَيْرًا أَوْ تُخْفُوهُ أَوْ تَعْفُوا عَنْ سُوءٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَفُوًّا قَدِيرًا (١٤٩) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ: ﴿لَا يُحِبُّ اللَّهُ الْجَهْرَ بِالسُّوءِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ إِلَّا مَنْ ظُلِمَ﴾ يَعْنِي: لَا يُحِبُّ اللَّهَ الْجَهْرَ بِالْقُبْحِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ إِلَّا مَنْ ظُلِمَ، فَيَجُوزُ لِلْمَظْلُومِ أَنْ يُخْبِرَ عَنْ ظُلْمِ الظَّالِمِ وَأَنْ يَدْعُوَ عَلَيْهِ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: "وَلَمَنِ انْتَصَرَ بَعْدَ ظُلْمِهِ فَأُولَئِكَ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ سَبِيلٍ" (الشُّورَى -٤١) ، قَالَ الْحَسَنُ: دُعَاؤُهُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَقُولَ: اللَّهُمَّ أَعِنِّي عَلَيْهِ اللَّهُمَّ اسْتَخْرِجْ حَقِّي مِنْهُ، وَقِيلَ: إِنْ شُتِمَ جَازَ أَنْ يَشْتُمَ بِمِثْلِهِ لَا يَزِيدُ عَلَيْهِ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْخَرَقِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الطَّيْسَفُونِيُّ، أَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْكُشْمِيهَنِيُّ، أَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ حُجْرٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، أَنَا الْعَلَاءُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "الْمُسْتَبَانُ مَا قَالَا فَعَلَى الْبَادِئِ مَا لَمْ يَعْتَدِ الْمَظْلُومُ" (١) . وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ هَذَا فِي الضَّيْفِ إِذَا نَزَلَ بِقَوْمٍ فَلَمْ يُقْرُوهُ وَلَمْ يُحْسِنُوا ضِيَافَتَهُ فَلَهُ أَنْ يَشْكُوَ وَيَذْكُرَ مَا صُنِعَ بِهِ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، أَنَا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ يَزِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي حَبِيبٍ، عَنْ أَبِي الْخَيْرِ، عَنْ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ عَامِرٍ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: قُلْنَا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّكَ تَبْعَثُنَا فَنَنْزِلُ بِقَوْمٍ فَلَا يُقْرُونَنَا فَمَا تَرَى؟ فَقَالَ لَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "إِنْ نَزَلْتُمْ بِقَوْمٍ فَأَمَرُوا لَكُمْ بِمَا يَنْبَغِي لِلضَّيْفِ فَاقْبَلُوا فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلُوا فَخُذُوا مِنْهُمْ حَقَّ الضَّيْفِ الَّذِي يَنْبَغِي لَهُمْ" (٢) . وَقَرَأَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ مُزَاحِمٍ وَزَيْدُ بْنُ أَسْلَمَ: ﴿إِلَّا مَنْ ظَلَمَ﴾ بِفَتْحِ الظَّاءِ وَاللَّامِ، مَعْنَاهُ: لَكِنِ الظَّالِمَ اجْهُرُوا لَهُ بِالسُّوءِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ، وَقِيلَ مَعْنَاهُ: لَا يُحِبُّ اللَّهُ الْجَهْرَ بِالسُّوءِ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ لَكِنْ يَجْهَرُ مَنْ ظُلِمَ، وَالْقِرَاءَةُ الْأُولَى هِيَ الْمَعْرُوفَةُ، ﴿وَكَانَ اللَّهُ سَمِيعًا﴾ لِدُعَاءِ الْمَظْلُومِ، ﴿عَلِيمًا﴾ بِعِقَابِ الظَّالِمِ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿إِنْ تُبْدُوا خَيْرًا﴾ يَعْنِي: حَسَنَةً فَيَعْمَلُ بِهَا كُتِبَتْ لَهُ عَشْرًا، وَإِنْ هَمَّ بِهَا وَلَمْ يَعْمَلْهَا كِتُبَتْ لَهُ حَسَنَةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ ﴿أَوْ تُخْفُوهُ﴾ وَقِيلَ الْمُرَادُ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ: الْمَالُ، يُرِيدُ: إِنْ تُبْدُوا صَدَقَةً تُعْطُونَهَا جَهْرًا أَوْ تُخْفُوهَا فَتُعْطُوهَا سِرًّا، ﴿أَوْ تَعْفُوا عَنْ سُوءٍ﴾ أَيْ: عَنْ مَظْلَمةٍ، ﴿فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَفُوًّا قَدِيرًا﴾ أَوْلَى بِالتَّجَاوُزِ عَنْكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ.

(١) أخرجه مسلم في البر والصلة - باب النهي عن السباب، برقم (٢٥٨٧) : ٤ / ٢٠٠٠، وأخرجه البخاري في الأدب المفرد ص (١٢٧) ، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٣ / ١٣٣. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في المظالم، باب قصاص المظلوم إذا وجد مال ظالمه ٥ / ١٠٧ - ١٠٨، وفي الأدب، ومسلم في اللقطة- باب الضيافة ونحوها برقم (١٧٢٧) : ٣ / ١٣٥٣، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ٣٣٩.