Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/303)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

this flock once and that flock once.” (1)

“O you who believe, do not take the disbelievers as allies instead of the believers. Do you wish to give Allah a clear case against yourselves? Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire, and you will never find for them a helper—except those who repent, mend their ways, hold fast to Allah, and make their religion sincere for Allah. They will be with the believers, and Allah will grant the believers a tremendous reward. Why should Allah punish you if you are grateful and believe? Allah is Ever-Appreciative, All-Knowing.” (144–147)

Regarding His saying, “O you who believe, do not take the disbelievers as allies instead of the believers”: Allah prohibited the believers from taking the disbelievers as allies. He then says, “Do you wish to give Allah a clear case against yourselves?”—that is, a clear proof warranting your punishment. He then mentions the stations of the hypocrites, saying—exalted is His mention:

“Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire.” The people of Kufa recited the word as dark, with the r unvocalized, while the others recited it as darak, with an a-vowel on the r. Both are valid dialectal forms, like za'n and za'an, and nahr and nahar. Ibn Mas'ud, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “In the lowest depths”: they will be in locked iron coffins within the Fire. Abu Hurayrah said: It is an enclosed chamber in which the Fire blazes over them from above and beneath them. “And you will never find for them a helper”: that is, one who can protect them from punishment.

“Except those who repent”—from hypocrisy—and believe; “mend their ways”—that is, their deeds; “hold fast to Allah”—that is, place their trust in Allah; “and make their religion sincere for Allah.” This refers to sincerity of heart, because hypocrisy is the heart’s disbelief, and it can only be removed through sincerity of heart. “They will be with the believers.” Al-Farra' said: among the believers. “And Allah will grant the believers,” in the Hereafter, “a tremendous reward”—that is, Paradise. The final yā' is omitted from the written form of “Allah will grant” because it is dropped in pronunciation; it is dropped in pronunciation because the lām of Allah is vowelless.

Regarding His saying, “Why should Allah punish you if you are grateful?”: that is, if you are grateful for His blessings “and believe” in Him. The wording places one phrase before the other; its intended sense is: if you believe and are grateful, since gratitude does not benefit without faith. This is a rhetorical question affirming that Allah does not punish the grateful believer. Punishing His servants does not increase His dominion, nor does refraining from punishing them for their deeds diminish His authority. Ingratitude is the opposite of gratitude: ingratitude is to conceal a blessing, whereas gratitude is to acknowledge it. “Allah is Ever-Appreciative, All-Knowing.” Allah’s appreciation, exalted is He, consists in being pleased with little from His servants and multiplying their reward for it. As for gratitude from the servant:

(1) Reported by Muslim in Sifat al-Munafiqin (The Characteristics of the Hypocrites), no. 2784, 4:2146.

هَذِهِ مَرَّةً وَإِلَى هَذِهِ مَرَّةً" (١) . ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَتُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَجْعَلُوا لِلَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ سُلْطَانًا مُبِينًا (١٤٤) إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ فِي الدَّرْكِ الْأَسْفَلِ مِنَ النَّارِ وَلَنْ تَجِدَ لَهُمْ نَصِيرًا (١٤٥) إِلَّا الَّذِينَ تَابُوا وَأَصْلَحُوا وَاعْتَصَمُوا بِاللَّهِ وَأَخْلَصُوا دِينَهُمْ لِلَّهِ فَأُولَئِكَ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَسَوْفَ يُؤْتِ اللَّهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا (١٤٦) مَا يَفْعَلُ اللَّهُ بِعَذَابِكُمْ إِنْ شَكَرْتُمْ وَآمَنْتُمْ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ شَاكِرًا عَلِيمًا (١٤٧) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾ نَهَى اللَّهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَنْ مُوَالَاةِ الْكُفَّارِ، وَقَالَ: ﴿أَتُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَجْعَلُوا لِلَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ سُلْطَانًا مُبِينًا﴾ أَيْ حُجَّةً بَيِّنَةً فِي عَذَابِكُمْ، ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ مَنَازِلَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ، فَقَالَ جَلَّ ذِكْرُهُ: ﴿إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ فِي الدَّرْكِ الْأَسْفَلِ مِنَ النَّارِ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ ﴿فِي الدَّرْكِ﴾ بِسُكُونِ الرَّاءِ وَالْبَاقُونَ بِفَتْحِهَا وَهُمَا لُغَتَانِ كَالظَّعْنِ وَالظَّعَنِ وَالنَّهْرِ وَالنَّهَرِ، وَقَالَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ ﵁: ﴿فِي الدَّرْكِ الْأَسْفَلِ﴾ فِي تَوَابِيتَ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ مُقْفَلَةٍ فِي النَّارِ، وَقَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ: بَيْتٌ مُقْفَلٌ عَلَيْهِمْ تَتَوَقَّدُ فِيهِ النَّارُ مِنْ فَوْقِهِمْ وَمِنْ تَحْتِهِمْ، ﴿وَلَنْ تَجِدَ لَهُمْ نَصِيرًا﴾ مَانِعًا مِنَ الْعَذَابِ. ﴿إِلَّا الَّذِينَ تَابُوا﴾ مِنَ النِّفَاقِ وَآمَنُوا ﴿وَأَصْلَحُوا﴾ عَمَلَهُمْ ﴿وَاعْتَصَمُوا بِاللَّهِ﴾ وَثِقُوا بِاللَّهِ ﴿وَأَخْلَصُوا دِينَهُمْ لِلَّهِ﴾ أَرَادَ الْإِخْلَاصَ بِالْقَلْبِ، لِأَنَّ النِّفَاقَ كُفْرُ الْقَلْبِ، فَزَوَالُهُ يَكُونُ بِإِخْلَاصِ الْقَلْبِ، ﴿فَأُولَئِكَ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾ قَالَ الْفَرَّاءُ: مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، ﴿وَسَوْفَ يُؤْتِ اللَّهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾ فِي الْآخِرَةِ ﴿أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا﴾ يَعْنِي: الْجَنَّةَ، وَحُذِفَتِ الْيَاءُ مِنْ ﴿يُؤْتِ اللَّهُ﴾ فِي الْخَطِّ لِسُقُوطِهَا فِي اللَّفْظِ، وَسُقُوطُهَا فِي اللَّفْظِ لِسُكُونِ اللَّامِ فِي "اللَّهِ". قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿مَا يَفْعَلُ اللَّهُ بِعَذَابِكُمْ إِنْ شَكَرْتُمْ﴾ أَيْ: إِنْ شَكَرْتُمْ نَعْمَاءَهُ ﴿وَآمَنْتُمْ﴾ بِهِ، فِيهِ تَقْدِيمٌ وَتَأْخِيرٌ، تَقْدِيرُهُ: إِنْ آمَنْتُمْ وَشَكَرْتُمْ، لِأَنَّ الشُّكْرَ لَا يَنْفَعُ مَعَ عَدَمِ الْإِيمَانِ، وَهَذَا اسْتِفْهَامٌ بِمَعْنَى التَّقْرِيرِ، مَعْنَاهُ: إِنَّهُ لَا يُعَذِّبُ الْمُؤْمِنَ الشَّاكِرَ، فَإِنَّ تَعْذِيبَهُ عِبَادَهُ لَا يَزِيدُ فِي مِلْكِهِ، وَتَرَكَهُ عُقُوبَتَهُمْ عَلَى فِعْلِهِمْ لَا يُنْقِصُ مِنْ سُلْطَانِهِ، وَالشُّكْرُ: ضِدَّ الْكُفْرِ وَالْكُفْرِ سَتْرُ النِّعْمَةِ، وَالشُّكْرُ: إِظْهَارُهَا، ﴿وَكَانَ اللَّهُ شَاكِرًا عَلِيمًا﴾ فَالشُّكْرُ مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى هُوَ الرِّضَى بِالْقَلِيلِ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ وَإِضْعَافُ الثَّوَابِ عَلَيْهِ، وَالشُّكْرُ مِنَ الْعَبْدِ:

(١) أخرجه مسلم في صفات المنافقين، برقم (٢٧٨٤) : ٤ / ٢١٤٦.