Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/273)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

or among the idolaters?” This was a question of rebuke and reproach. They pleaded weakness in the face of the people of polytheism, saying, “We were oppressed in the land”—that is, incapable—in the land of Mecca. They—the angels—said, “Was not Allah’s earth spacious enough for you to emigrate therein?” That is, to Medina, leaving Mecca and the midst of the people of polytheism.

Allah, Exalted is He, thus declared them liars and informed us of their falsehood, saying, “Their abode will be Hell—what an evil destination!” That is, what an evil destination Hell is.

“Except helpless men, women, and children, who are unable to devise a plan and cannot find a way. (98) It may well be that Allah will pardon them, for Allah is Ever-Pardoning, All-Forgiving. (99) Whoever emigrates in the way of Allah will find many places of refuge and abundance in the earth. And whoever leaves his home, emigrating to Allah and His Messenger, and is then overtaken by death, his reward has become incumbent upon Allah. And Allah is Ever-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (100)

He then exempted those among them who had an excuse, saying, “Except helpless men, women, and children, who are unable to devise a plan”: they had neither the means, nor provision, nor strength to leave it. “And cannot find a way”: that is, they did not know a route by which to leave. Mujahid said: They did not know the road to Medina.

“It may well be that Allah will pardon them”: that is, overlook their faults. When used of Allah, “it may well be” conveys certainty, for it is an expression of hope; and when Allah gives a servant hope, He grants him what he has hoped for. “And Allah is Ever-Pardoning, All-Forgiving.” Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him and his mother, said: “My mother and I were among those whom Allah excused,” meaning the helpless. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, would supplicate for these helpless people during the prayer.

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu'aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma'il informed us; Mu'adh ibn Fudalah informed us; Hisham informed us, from Yahya—who was Ibn Abi Kathir—from Abu Salamah, from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, would, after saying, “Allah hears whoever praises Him. Our Lord, to You belongs all praise,” in the final rak'ah of the Isha prayer, recite the qunut supplication: “O Allah, save Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'ah. O Allah, save al-Walid. O Allah, save Salamah ibn Hisham. O Allah, save the helpless believers. O Allah, inflict Your severe punishment upon Mudar. O Allah, make it years like the years of Joseph.” (1)

Regarding His saying, Exalted is He, “Whoever emigrates in the way of Allah will find many places of refuge and abundance in the earth,” Ali ibn Abi

(1) Recorded by al-Bukhari in al-Tafsir, Surah Al Imran, chapter “You Have No Part in the Decision,” 8:226; and by Muslim in al-Masajid wa Mawadi al-Salah, chapter “The Desirability of Qunut in All Prayers When a Calamity Befalls the Muslims,” no. 675, 1:446-467. It is also cited in al-Musannaf, in Sharh al-Sunnah, 3:121, with the wording: “When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, wished to supplicate against someone or for someone, he would recite qunut after bowing. At times, after saying, ‘Allah hears whoever praises Him,’ he would…”

أَمْ فِي الْمُشْرِكِينَ؟ سُؤَالُ تَوْبِيخٍ وَتَعْيِيرٍ فَاعْتَذَرُوا بِالضَّعْفِ عَنْ مُقَاوَمَةِ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ، وَ ﴿قَالُوا كُنَّا مُسْتَضْعَفِينَ﴾ عَاجِزِينَ، ﴿فِي الْأَرْضِ﴾ يَعْنِي أَرْضَ مَكَّةَ، ﴿قَالُوا﴾ يَعْنِي: الْمَلَائِكَةُ ﴿أَلَمْ تَكُنْ أَرْضُ اللَّهِ وَاسِعَةً فَتُهَاجِرُوا فِيهَا﴾ يَعْنِي: إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَتَخْرُجُوا مِنْ مَكَّةَ، مِنْ بَيْنِ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ؟ فَأَكْذَبَهُمُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى وَأَعْلَمَنَا بِكَذِبِهِمْ، وَقَالَ: ﴿فَأُولَئِكَ مَأْوَاهُمْ﴾ مَنْزِلَهُمْ ﴿جَهَنَّمُ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيرًا﴾ أَيْ: بِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ إِلَى جَهَنَّمَ. ﴿إِلَّا الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ وَالنِّسَاءِ وَالْوِلْدَانِ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ حِيلَةً وَلَا يَهْتَدُونَ سَبِيلًا (٩٨) فَأُولَئِكَ عَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَعْفُوَ عَنْهُمْ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَفُوًّا غَفُورًا (٩٩) وَمَنْ يُهَاجِرْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ يَجِدْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُرَاغَمًا كَثِيرًا وَسَعَةً وَمَنْ يَخْرُجْ مِنْ بَيْتِهِ مُهَاجِرًا إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ ثُمَّ يُدْرِكْهُ الْمَوْتُ فَقَدْ وَقَعَ أَجْرُهُ عَلَى اللَّهِ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا (١٠٠) ﴾ ثُمَّ اسْتَثْنَى أَهْلَ الْعُذْرِ مِنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: ﴿إِلَّا الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ وَالنِّسَاءِ وَالْوِلْدَانِ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُونَ حِيلَةً﴾ لَا يَقْدِرُونَ عَلَى حِيلَةٍ وَلَا عَلَى نَفَقَةٍ وَلَا قُوَّةٍ لِلْخُرُوجِ مِنْهَا، ﴿وَلَا يَهْتَدُونَ سَبِيلًا﴾ أَيْ: لَا يَعْرِفُونَ طَرِيقًا إِلَى الْخُرُوجِ. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: لَا يَعْرِفُونَ طَرِيقَ الْمَدِينَةِ. ﴿فَأُولَئِكَ عَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَعْفُوَ عَنْهُمْ﴾ يَتَجَاوَزَ عَنْهُمْ، وَعَسَى مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاجِبٌ، لِأَنَّهُ لِلْإِطْمَاعِ، وَاللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِذَا أَطْمَعَ عَبْدًا وَصَلَهُ إِلَيْهِ، ﴿وَكَانَ اللَّهُ عَفُوًّا غَفُورًا﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: كُنْتُ أَنَا وَأُمِّي مِمَّنْ عَذَرَ اللَّهُ، يَعْنِي الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ، وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَدْعُو لِهَؤُلَاءِ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ فِي الصَّلَاةِ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا مُعَاذُ بْنُ فُضَالَةَ، أَنَا هِشَامٌ، عَنْ يَحْيَى هُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ "أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَانَ إِذَا قَالَ: سَمِعَ اللَّهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ رَبَّنَا لَكَ الْحَمْدُ فِي الرَّكْعَةِ الْآخِرَةِ مِنْ صَلَاةِ الْعِشَاءِ قَنَتَ اللَّهُمَّ أَنْجِ عَيَّاشَ بْنَ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ اللَّهُمَّ أَنْجِ الْوَلِيدَ اللَّهُمَّ أَنْجِ سَلَمَةَ بْنَ هِشَامٍ اللَّهُمَّ أَنْجِ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اللَّهُمَّ اشْدُدُ وَطْأَتَكَ عَلَى مُضَرَ، اللَّهُمَّ اجْعَلْهَا سِنِينَ كَسِنِي يُوسُفَ " (١) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَمَنْ يُهَاجِرْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ يَجِدْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُرَاغَمًا كَثِيرًا وَسَعَةً﴾ قَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي

(١) أخرجه البخاري في التفسير سورة آل عمران، باب ليس لك من الأمر شيء: ٨ / ٢٢٦، ومسلم في المساجد ومواضع الصلاة، باب استحباب القنوت في جميع الصلاة إذا نزلت بالمسلمين نازلة، برقم (٦٧٥) : ١ / ٤٤٦ - ٤٦٧. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٣ / ١٢١ بلفظ: أن رسول الله ﷺ كان إذا أراد أن يدعو على أحد أو يدعو لأحد قنت بعد الركوع فربما قال: إذا سمع الله لمن حمده. . . ".