Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/268)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

al-Samit—who had witnessed the Battle of Badr and was one of the representatives on the night of al-Aqabah—said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, while a group of his Companions were around him: “Pledge allegiance to me that you will not associate anything with Allah, nor steal, nor commit adultery, nor kill your children, nor bring forth any slander that you fabricate ⦗93/b⦘ yourselves, nor disobey in what is right. Whoever among you fulfils this, his reward rests with Allah. Whoever commits any of these acts and is punished for it in this world, that will be an expiation for him. But whoever commits any of them and Allah conceals it for him, then his matter rests with Allah: if He wills, He pardons him; and if He wills, He punishes him.” So we pledged allegiance to him upon that. (1)

“O you who believe! When you go forth in the cause of Allah, investigate carefully, and do not say to one who offers you peace, ‘You are not a believer,’ seeking the fleeting gains of this worldly life; for with Allah are abundant spoils. You yourselves were once in the same condition, then Allah bestowed His favour upon you. So investigate carefully. Indeed, Allah is All-Aware of what you do.” (94)

Regarding His saying, exalted is He, “O you who believe! When you go forth in the cause of Allah, investigate carefully,” to the end of the verse: al-Kalbi narrated from Abu Salih, from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that this verse was revealed concerning a man from the tribe of Banu Murrah ibn Awf named Mirdas ibn Nuhayk. He was from the people of Fadak and was a Muslim; no one else from his people had accepted Islam. They heard that an expedition of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was advancing against them. The commander of the expedition was a man named Ghalib ibn Fudala al-Laythi. So the people fled, but this man remained behind because he followed the religion of the Muslims.

When he saw the horsemen, he feared that they might not be among the Companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He therefore sheltered his sheep in a mountain ravine and climbed the mountain himself. When the horsemen drew near, he heard them proclaiming Allah’s greatness. Upon hearing this, he recognized that they were among the Companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. So he too proclaimed Allah’s greatness and came down, saying: “There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. Peace be upon you.” Usamah ibn Zayd fell upon him, killed him, and drove off his sheep. They then returned to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and informed him. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was deeply grieved by what had happened; moreover, news of it had reached him before they arrived. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Did you kill him for the sake of what he possessed?” He then recited this verse to Usamah ibn Zayd.

Usamah said, “O Messenger of Allah, seek forgiveness for me.” He replied, “Then what will you do with ‘There is no god but Allah’?” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, repeated this three times. Usamah said: “The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, continued repeating it until I wished that I had not accepted Islam until that very day.” Then, after repeating it three times, the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, sought forgiveness for me and said: “Free a slave.” (2)

Abu Zubyan narrated from Usamah, may Allah be pleased with him, that he said: “I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, he only said it out of fear of the weapons.’ He replied, ‘Did you split open his heart, so that you could know whether he said it out of fear or not?’” (3)

Ikrimah narrated from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that he said: A man from Banu Sulaym passed by a group of the Companions of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, with some sheep belonging to him. He greeted them with peace, but they said: “He only greeted you in order to seek protection from you.” So they rose, killed him, and took his sheep. Then they came

(1) Recorded by al-Bukhari in al-Iman, chapter: “The Sign of Faith Is Love for the Ansar,” 1:64, and elsewhere; by Muslim in al-Hudud, chapter: “Legal Punishments Are an Expiation for Those Subject to Them,” no. 1709, 3:1333; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 1:60-61. (2) Ibn Hajar attributed it to al-Tha'labi, through the narration of al-Kalbi from Abu Salih from Ibn Abbas. See al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 48. Al-Tabari also recorded it through the narration of Asbat from al-Suddi, with a slight variation; Tafsir al-Tabari, 9:78-79. See also al-Durr al-Manthur, 2:632-633; Fath al-Bari, 8:258. (3) Recorded by al-Bukhari in al-Diyat, chapter: “And Whoever Saves a Life,” 12:191, and elsewhere; by Muslim in al-Iman, chapter: “The Prohibition of Killing a Disbeliever after He Says la ilaha illa Allah (there is no god but Allah),” no. 96, 1:96; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:241-242.

الصَّامِتِ ﵁ -وكان شهد يوم بَدْرًا وَهُوَ أَحَدُ النُّقَبَاءِ لَيْلَةَ الْعَقَبَةِ -وَقَالَ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ وَحَوْلَهُ عِصَابَةٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ: "بَايِعُونِي عَلَى أَنْ لَا تُشْرِكُوا بِاللَّهِ شَيْئًا وَلَا تَسْرِقُوا وَلَا تَزْنُوا وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ وَلَا تَأْتُوا بِبُهْتَانٍ تَفْتَرُونَهُ بينَ أيديكُم ٩٣/ب وَأَرْجُلِكُمْ وَلَا تَعْصُوا فِي مَعْرُوفٍ، فَمَنْ وَفَّى مِنْكُمْ فَأَجْرُهُ عَلَى اللَّهِ، وَمَنْ أَصَابَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا فَعُوقِبَ فِي الدُّنْيَا فَهُوَ كَفَّارَةٌ، وَمَنْ أَصَابَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا ثُمَّ سَتَرَهُ اللَّهُ، فَهُوَ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِنْ شَاءَ عَفَا عَنْهُ وَإِنْ شَاءَ عَاقَبَهُ"، فَبَايَعْنَاهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ (١) . ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَتَبَيَّنُوا وَلَا تَقُولُوا لِمَنْ أَلْقَى إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَامَ لَسْتَ مُؤْمِنًا تَبْتَغُونَ عَرَضَ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا فَعِنْدَ اللَّهِ مَغَانِمُ كَثِيرَةٌ كَذَلِكَ كُنْتُمْ مِنْ قَبْلُ فَمَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ فَتَبَيَّنُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا (٩٤) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَتَبَيَّنُوا﴾ الْآيَةَ، قَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي صَالِحٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي رَجُلٍ مِنْ بَنِي مُرَّةَ بْنِ عَوْفٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ مِرْدَاسُ بْنُ نَهِيكَ، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ فَدَكَ وَكَانَ مُسْلِمًا لَمْ يُسْلِمْ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ غَيْرُهُ، فَسَمِعُوا بِسَرِيَّةٍ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ تُرِيدُهُمْ، وَكَانَ عَلَى السَّرِيَّةِ رَجُلٌ يُقَالُ لَهُ غَالِبُ بْنُ فُضَالَةَ اللَّيْثِيُّ، فَهَرَبُوا وَأَقَامَ الرَّجُلُ لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ عَلَى دِينِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَلَمَّا رَأَى الْخَيْلَ خَافَ أَنْ يَكُونُوا مِنْ غَيْرِ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَأَلْجَأَ غَنَمَهُ إِلَى عَاقُولٍ مِنَ الْجَبَلِ، وَصَعَدَ هُوَ إِلَى الْجَبَلِ فَلَمَّا تَلَاحَقَتِ الْخَيْلُ سَمِعَهُمْ يُكَبِّرُونَ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ التَّكْبِيرَ عَرَفَ أَنَّهُمْ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَكَبَرٍّ وَنَزَلَ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ، فَتَغَشَّاهُ أُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ فَقَتَلَهُ وَاسْتَاقَ غَنَمَهُ ثُمَّ رَجَعُوا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَخْبَرُوهُ فَوَجَدَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَجْدًا شَدِيدًا، وَكَانَ قَدْ سَبَقَهُمْ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ الْخَبَرُ، قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ "قَتَلْتُمُوهُ إِرَادَةَ مَا مَعَهُ"؟ ثُمَّ قَرَأَ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ عَلَى أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ اسْتَغْفِرْ لِي، فَقَالَ فَكَيْفَ بَلَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ؟ قَالَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، قَالَ أُسَامَةُ: فَمَا زَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُعِيدُهَا حَتَّى وَدِدْتُ أَنِّي لَمْ أَكُنْ أَسْلَمْتُ إِلَّا يَوْمئِذٍ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ اسْتَغْفَرَ لِي بَعْدَ ثَلَاثِ مَرَّاتٍ، وَقَالَ: "اعْتِقْ رَقَبَةً" (٢) . وَرَوَى أَبُو ظَبْيَانَ عَنْ أُسَامَةَ ﵁ قَالَ قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّمَا قَالَ خَوْفًا مِنَ السِّلَاحِ، قَالَ: "أَفَلَا شَقَقْتَ عَنْ قَلْبِهِ حَتَّى تَعْلَمَ أَقَالَهَا خَوْفًا أَمْ لَا" (٣) ؟ وَقَالَ عِكْرِمَةُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ قَالَ: مَرَّ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي سُلَيْمٍ عَلَى نَفَرٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَمَعَهُ غَنَمٌ لَهُ فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِمْ، قَالُوا: مَا سَلَّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِلَّا لِيَتَعَوَّذَ مِنْكُمْ فَقَامُوا فَقَتَلُوهُ وَأَخَذُوا غَنَمَهُ فَأَتَوْا

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الإيمان، باب علامة الإيمان حب الأنصار: ١ / ٦٤، وفي مواضع أخرى. ومسلم في الحدود، باب الحدود كفارة لأهلها برقم (١٧٠٩) : ٣ / ١٣٣٣. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١ / ٦٠ - ٦١. (٢) عزاه ابن حجر للثعلبي من رواية الكلبي عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس. انظر: الكافي الشاف ص (٤٨) ، وأخرجه الطبري من رواية أسباط عن السدي بتغيير بسيط تفسير الطبري: ٩ / ٧٨ - ٧٩. وانظر الدر المنثور: ٢ / ٦٣٢ - ٦٣٣، فتح الباري ٨ / ٢٥٨. (٣) أخرجه البخاري في الديات، باب ومن أحياها: ١٢ / ١٩١، وفي مواضع أخرى، ومسلم في الإيمان- باب تحريم قتل الكافر بعد أن قال: لا إله إلا الله، برقم (٩٦) ١ / ٩٦. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ٢٤١ - ٢٤٢.