Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/266)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Whoever kills a believer deliberately, his recompense is Hell, abiding therein forever; Allah is angry with him, has cursed him, and has prepared for him a tremendous punishment.” (4:93)

His saying, exalted is He: “Whoever kills a believer deliberately”—the verse was revealed concerning Miqyas ibn Subabah al-Kinani. He and his brother Hisham had embraced Islam. Miqyas found his brother Hisham slain among Banu al-Najjar, so he came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and informed him of this. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, sent with him a man from Banu Fihr to Banu al-Najjar, with the message: “The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, commands you that, if you know the killer of Hisham ibn Subabah, you are to hand him over to Miqyas so that he may exact retaliation from him. But if you do not know, then pay him the blood-money.”

The Fihri conveyed this to them, and they said, “We hear and obey Allah and His Messenger. By Allah, we do not know who killed him, but we shall pay his blood-money.” They gave him one hundred camels. Then the two men set out back toward Medina. Satan came to Miqyas and whispered to him, saying, “Will you accept the blood-money for your brother, only to incur disgrace? Kill the man with you: then it will be one life for another, and you will retain the remainder of the blood-money.” So he caught the Fihri unawares, struck him with a rock, and crushed his head. He then mounted a camel and drove the rest of the camels back to Mecca as a disbeliever. Thus, the words were revealed concerning him: “Whoever kills a believer deliberately” (1)—“his recompense is Hell, abiding therein forever”—on account of his disbelief and apostasy. He was among those whom the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, exempted from the general amnesty on the day Mecca was conquered; he was killed while clinging to the coverings of the Ka'bah.

His saying, exalted is He: “Allah is angry with him and has cursed him,” meaning, He has driven him away from His mercy; “and has prepared for him a tremendous punishment.” They differed concerning the ruling of this verse.

It is related from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that one who deliberately kills a believer has no repentance. It was said to him: “Has Allah not said in Surah al-Furqan: ‘And they do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right’—until He says: ‘Whoever does that will meet a penalty. The punishment will be multiplied for him on the Day of Resurrection, and he will abide therein humiliated, except for those who repent’ (al-Furqan 67–70)?” He replied: “This concerned the time of pre-Islamic ignorance. Some idolaters had killed and committed adultery, and they came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and said: ‘What you call us to is indeed good. If only you would tell us whether there is any expiation for what we have done.’ Then there was revealed: ‘And those who do not invoke any other god along with Allah,’ up to His words, ‘except for those who repent and believe’ (2). This applies to those people.

“As for the verse in Surah al-Nisa, when a man has come to know Islam and its laws, then kills, his recompense is Hell.”

(1) Recorded by al-Tabari in al-Tafsir, 9:61-62. See also al-Durr al-Manthur, 2:623; and Asbab al-Nuzul by al-Wahidi, pp. 163-164. (2) Recorded by al-Bukhari in al-Tafsir, chapter: “O My servants who have transgressed...” 8:549; and by Muslim in al-Iman, chapter: “Islam effaces what came before it,” no. 122, 1:113.

﴿وَمَنْ يَقْتُلْ مُؤْمِنًا مُتَعَمِّدًا فَجَزَاؤُهُ جَهَنَّمُ خَالِدًا فِيهَا وَغَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَلَعَنَهُ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُ عَذَابًا عَظِيمًا (٩٣) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَمَنْ يَقْتُلْ مُؤْمِنًا مُتَعَمِّدًا﴾ الْآيَةَ، نَزَلَتْ فِي مِقْيَسِ بْنِ صُبَابَةَ الْكِنَانِيِّ، وَكَانَ قَدْ أَسْلَمَ هُوَ وَأَخُوهُ هِشَامٌ، فوجد أخاه هشام قَتِيلًا فِي بَنِي النَّجَّارِ فَأَتَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَذَكَرَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ، فَأَرْسَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَعَهُ رَجُلًا مِنْ بَنِي فِهْرٍ إِلَى بَنِي النَّجَّارِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَأْمُرُكُمْ إِنْ عَلَّمْتُمْ قَاتِلَ هِشَامِ بْنِ صُبَابَةَ أَنْ تَدْفَعُوهُ إِلَى مِقْيَسِ فَيَقْتَصَّ مِنْهُ، وَإِنْ لَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنْ تَدْفَعُوا إِلَيْهِ دِيَتَهُ، فَأَبْلَغَهُمُ الْفِهْرِيُّ ذَلِكَ فَقَالُوا: سَمْعًا وَطَاعَةً لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ، وَاللَّهِ مَا نَعْلَمُ لَهُ قَاتِلًا وَلَكِنَّا نُؤَدِّي دِيَتَهُ، فَأَعْطَوْهُ مِائَةً مِنَ الْإِبِلِ، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَا رَاجِعَيْنِ نَحْوَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَأَتَى الشَّيْطَانُ مِقْيَسًا فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: تَقْبَلُ دِيَةَ أَخِيكَ فَتَكُونُ عَلَيْكَ مَسَبَّةٌ، اقْتُلِ الَّذِي مَعَكَ فَتَكُونَ نَفْسٌ مَكَانَ نَفْسٍ وَفَضْلُ الدِّيَةِ؛ فَتَغَفَّلَ الْفِهْرِيَّ فَرَمَاهُ بِصَخْرَةٍ فَشَدَخَهُ، ثُمَّ رَكِبَ بَعِيرًا وَسَاقَ بَقِيَّتَهَا رَاجِعًا إِلَى مَكَّةَ كَافِرًا فَنَزَلَ فِيهِ: ﴿وَمَنْ يَقْتُلْ مُؤْمِنًا مُتَعَمِّدًا﴾ (١) ﴿فَجَزَاؤُهُ جَهَنَّمُ خَالِدًا فِيهَا﴾ بِكَفْرِهِ وَارْتِدَادِهِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي اسْتَثْنَاهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمَ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ، عَمَّنْ أَمَّنَهُ فَقُتِلَ وَهُوَ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِأَسْتَارِ الْكَعْبَةِ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَغَضِبَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَلَعَنَهُ﴾ أَيْ: طَرَدَهُ عَنِ الرَّحْمَةِ، ﴿وَأَعَدَّ لَهُ عَذَابًا عَظِيمًا﴾ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي حُكْمِ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ. فَحُكِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: أَنَّ قَاتِلَ الْمُؤْمِنِ عَمْدًا لَا تَوْبَةَ لَهُ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ: أَلَيْسَ قَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ فِي سُورَةِ الْفُرْقَانِ: "وَلَا يَقْتُلُونَ النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ" إِلَى أَنْ قَالَ "وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ يَلْقَ أَثَامًا يُضَاعَفْ لَهُ الْعَذَابُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَيَخْلُدْ فِيهِ مُهَانًا إِلَّا مَنْ تَابَ" (الْفُرْقَانِ ٦٧ -٧٠) ، فَقَالَ: كَانَتْ هَذِهِ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أُنَاسًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ كَانُوا قَدْ قَتَلُوا وَزَنَوْا فَأَتَوْا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالُوا: إِنَّ الَّذِي تَدْعُوا إِلَيْهِ لَحَسَنٌ، لَوْ تُخْبِرُنَا أَنَّ لِمَا عَمِلْنَا كَفَّارَةٌ، فَنَزَلَتْ "وَالَّذِينَ لَا يَدْعُونَ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَهًا آخَرَ" إِلَى قَوْلِهِ "إِلَّا مَنْ تَابَ وَآمَنَ" (٢) فَهَذِهِ لِأُولَئِكَ. وَأَمَّا الَّتِي فِي النِّسَاءِ فَالرَّجُلُ إِذَا عَرَفَ الْإِسْلَامَ وَشَرَائِعَهُ ثُمَّ قَتَلَ فَجَزَاؤُهُ جَهَنَّمُ.

(١) أخرجه الطبري في التفسير: ٩ / ٦١ - ٦٢، وانظر: الدر المنثور: ٢ / ٦٢٣، أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (١٦٣ - ١٦٤) . (٢) أخرجه البخاري: في التفسير - باب: (يا عبادي الذين أسرفوا. . .) ٨ / ٥٤٩. ومسلم: في الإيمان - باب: كون الإسلام يهدم ما قبله برقم (١٢٢) ١ / ١١٣.