Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/239)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Idris al-Jurjani and Abu Ahmad Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu‘allim al-Harawi, who said: Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Isa al-Malini narrated to us; al-Hasan ibn Sufyan al-Nasawi narrated to us; Shayban ibn Abi Shaybah narrated to us; Abu Hilal informed us, from Qatadah, from Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: Rarely did the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, address us without saying: “Indeed, there is no faith in one who has no trustworthiness, and no religion in one who does not honor his covenant.” (1)

The words of the Exalted: “And whenever you judge between people, judge with justice”—that is, with equity. “Surely Allah’s instruction to you is excellent”—that is, excellent is the thing by which He exhorts you. “Surely Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing.”

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Sam‘an narrated to us; Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn Hamd ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Zayyat narrated to us; Humayd ibn Zanjawayh narrated to us; Ibn ‘Abbad narrated to us; Ibn ‘Uyaynah narrated to us, from Amr ibn Dinar, from Amr ibn Aws, who heard Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-As, may Allah be pleased with him, trace it back to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who said: “Those who are just will be with Allah upon pulpits of light, at the right hand of the Most Merciful—and both His hands are right hands. They are those who act justly in their judgments, with their families, and in all that is entrusted to their authority.” (2)

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Shurayh narrated to us; al-Qasim Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Baghawi narrated to us; Ali ibn al-Ja‘d narrated to us; Fudayl ibn Marzuq narrated to us, from Atiyyah, from Abu Sa‘id, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Indeed, the people most beloved to Allah on the Day of Resurrection and nearest to Him in rank will be a just ruler; and indeed, the people most hated by Allah and most severely punished will be a tyrannical ruler.” (3)

“O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger, and those vested with authority among you. Should you disagree on anything, then refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you truly believe in Allah and the Last Day. This is best and fairest in outcome. (59)”

The words of the Exalted: “O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger, and those vested with authority among you.” They differed concerning those vested with authority. Ibn Abbas and Jabir, may Allah be pleased with them, said: “They are the jurists and scholars who teach people the teachings of their religion.” This was also the view of al-Hasan, al-Dahhak, and Mujahid. Its evidence is the saying of the Exalted: “Had they referred it to the Messenger and to those vested with authority among them, those among them able to draw conclusions from it would have known it.” (Surah al-Nisa [Women], 83)

Abu Hurayrah said: “They are the commanders and governors.”

(1) Ahmad recorded it in Al-Musnad, 3:135, 154, and also in Al-Sunnah, p. 97. Al-Diya al-Maqdisi narrated it in Al-Ahadith al-Mukhtarah through two chains from Anas. Ibn Hibban graded it authentic in Mawarid al-Zam'an, no. 36, p. 40. The hadith has supporting reports; hence al-Dhahabi said, “Its chain is strong.” See Mishkat al-Masabih, 1:17; Fayd al-Qadir, 6:381. The compiler also included it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 1:75. (2) Muslim recorded it in Al-Imarah, chapter: “The Virtue of the Just Imam,” no. 1827, 3:1458. The compiler also included it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:63. (3) Al-Tirmidhi recorded it in Al-Ahkam, chapter: “What Has Been Reported Concerning the Just Imam,” 4:559-560, and said: “A sound, uncommon hadith; we know it only through this route.” Ahmad also recorded it, 3:22, 55, from Abu Sa'id. In its chain according to both of them is Atiyyah al-Awfi, who was truthful but made many errors; he was a Shi'i and a mudallis (one who obscures a narrator in the chain). Al-Taqrib. The compiler also included it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:65.

إِدْرِيسَ الْجُرْجَانِيُّ وَأَبُو أَحْمَدَ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ الْمُعَلِّمُ الْهَرَوِيُّ، قَالَ: أَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عِيسَى الْمَالِينِيُّ، أَنَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ النَّسَوِيُّ، أَنَا شَيَّبَانُ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو هِلَالٍ عَنْ قَتَادَةَ عَنْ أَنَسٍ ﵁ قال: قلّمَا خَطَبَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "أَلَّا لَا إِيمَانَ لِمَنْ لَا أَمَانَةَ لَهُ وَلَا دِينَ لِمَنْ لَا عَهْدَ لَهُ" (١) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَإِذَا حَكَمْتُمْ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ أَنْ تَحْكُمُوا بِالْعَدْلِ﴾ أَيْ: بِالْقِسْطِ، ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ نِعِمَّا﴾ أَيْ: نِعْمَ الشَّيْءُ الَّذِي ﴿يَعِظُكُمْ بِهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ سَمِيعًا بَصِيرًا﴾ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو مَنْصُورٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سَمْعَانَ، أَنَا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَمَدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ الزَّيَّاتُ، أَنَا حُمَيْدُ بْنُ زَنْجَوَيْهِ، حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ عَبَّادٍ، ثِنا بن عُيَيْنَةَ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَوْسٍ، أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ ﵁ يَرْفَعُهُ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: "الْمُقْسِطُونَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ عَلَى مَنَابِرَ مِنْ نُورٍ عَلَى يَمِينِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَكِلْتَا يَدَيْهِ يَمِينٌ، هُمُ الَّذِينَ يَعْدِلُونَ فِي حُكْمِهِمْ وَأَهْلِيهِمْ وَمَا وَلُوا" (٢) . أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي شُرَيْحٍ، أَنَا الْقَاسِمُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ الْبَغَوِيُّ، أَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْجَعْدِ، أَنَا فُضَيْلُ بْنُ مَرْزُوقٍ، عَنْ عَطِيَّةَ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ "إِنْ أَحَبَّ النَّاسِ إِلَى اللَّهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَأَقْرَبَهُمْ مِنْهُ مَجْلِسًا إِمَامٌ عَادِلٌ، وَإِنَّ أَبْغَضَ النَّاسِ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَأَشَدَّهُمْ عَذَابًا إِمَامٌ جَائِرٌ" (٣) . ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ فَإِنْ تَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي شَيْءٍ فَرُدُّوهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ ذَلِكَ خَيْرٌ وَأَحْسَنُ تَأْوِيلًا (٥٩) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ وَأُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ﴾ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي ﴿أُولِي الْأَمْرِ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ وَجَابِرٌ ﵃: هُمُ الْفُقَهَاءُ وَالْعُلَمَاءُ الَّذِينَ يُعَلِّمُونَ النَّاسَ مَعَالِمَ دِينِهِمْ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الْحَسَنِ وَالضَّحَّاكِ وَمُجَاهِدٍ، وَدَلِيلُهُ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "وَلَوْ رَدُّوهُ إِلَى الرَّسُولِ وَإِلَى أُولِي الْأَمْرِ مِنْهُمْ لَعَلِمَهُ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَنْبِطُونَهُ مِنْهُمْ" (النِّسَاءِ -٨٣) . وَقَالَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ: هُمُ الْأُمَرَاءُ وَالْوُلَاةُ.

(١) أخرجه أحمد في المسند: ٣ / ١٣٥، ١٥٤ وفي السنة أيضا صفحة ٩٧، ورواه الضياء المقدسي في الأحاديث المختارة من طريقين عن أنس، وصححه ابن حبان في موارد الظمآن برقم (٣٦) ص ٤٠، وللحديث شواهد ولذلك قال الذهبي: سنده قوي، وانظر: مشكاة المصابيح ١ / ١٧، فيض القدير ٦ / ٣٨١، وأخرجه المصنف في شرح السنة: ١ / ٧٥. (٢) أخرجه مسلم في الإمارة - باب: فضيلة الإمام العادل. . . برقم (١٨٢٧) ٣ / ١٤٥٨. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ٦٣. (٣) أخرجه الترمذي في الأحكام، باب ما جاء في الإمام العادل: ٤ / ٥٥٩ - ٥٦٠، وقال: حديث حسن غريب لا نعرفه إلا من هذا الوجه، وأحمد: ٣ / ٢٢، ٥٥ عن أبي سعيد وفي سنده عندهما: عطية العوفي: صدوق يخطئ كثيرا، كان شيعيا مدلسا. (تقريب) . وأخرجه المصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ٦٥.