Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/234)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“They are those whom Allah has cursed; and whomever Allah curses, you will never find for him any helper. (52)”

The Exalted says: “Look, O Muhammad, how they fabricate lies against Allah”—that is, how they invent lies about Allah—“by altering His Book; and sufficient is that lie as a manifest sin.”

The Exalted says: “Have you not seen those who were given a portion of the Scripture? They believe in jibt and taghut.” Scholars differed regarding these two. Ikrimah said: “They are two idols which the idolaters worshipped besides Allah.” Abu Ubaydah said: “They are everything worshipped besides Allah.” Allah the Exalted says: “Worship Allah and shun taghut.” (al-Nahl, 36)

Umar said: “Jibt is sorcery, and taghut is Satan.” This was also the view of al-Shabi and Mujahid. It was also said: “Jibt refers to idols, and taghut to the devils associated with idols.” Every idol has a devil that speaks through it, thereby deceiving people. Muhammad ibn Sirin and Makhul said: “Jibt is the soothsayer, and taghut is the sorcerer.” Said ibn Jubayr and Abu al-Aliyah said: “Jibt is the word for sorcerer in the Abyssinian language, while taghut is the soothsayer.” It is also related from Ikrimah that jibt means “devil” in the Abyssinian language.

Al-Dahhak said: “Jibt is Huyayy ibn Akhtab, and taghut is Kab ibn al-Ashraf.” The evidence for this is the saying of the Exalted: “They seek to refer their judgement to taghut.” (al-Nisa, 60)

Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Salihi informed us; Abu al-Husayn ibn Bishran informed us; Ismail ibn Muhammad al-Saffar informed us; Ahmad ibn Mansur al-Ramadi informed us; Abd al-Razzaq informed us; Mamar reported from Awf al-Abdi, from Hayyan, from Qatan ibn Qabisah, from his father, that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Divination by birds, geomancy, and belief in evil omens are forms of jibt.” (1)

(1) Abu Dawud recorded it in Kitab al-Tibb (Medicine), chapter: “On drawing lines and divining by birds,” 5:373. Al-Mundhiri made no comment on it, but attributed it to al-Nasai; Ahmad in al-Musnad, 3:477, on the authority of Qabisah, and 5:60; Abd al-Razzaq in al-Musannaf, no. 19502; and al-Musannaf in Sharh al-Sunnah, 12:177. Al-Nawawi graded this hadith as hasan (fair). Al-iyafah is divination by birds; al-tarq is striking pebbles; and al-tiyarah is superstition or taking bad omens from birds, gazelles, and the like.

﴿أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ وَمَنْ يَلْعَنِ اللَّهُ فَلَنْ تَجِدَ لَهُ نَصِيرًا (٥٢) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿انْظُرْ﴾ يَا مُحَمَّدُ، ﴿كَيْفَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ﴾ يَخْتَلِقُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ، ﴿الْكَذِبَ﴾ فِي تَغْيِيرِهِمْ كِتَابَهُ، ﴿وَكَفَى بِهِ﴾ بِالْكَذِبِ ﴿إِثْمًا مُبِينًا﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا نَصِيبًا مِنَ الْكِتَابِ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْجِبْتِ وَالطَّاغُوتِ﴾ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِمَا فَقَالَ عِكْرِمَةُ: هُمَا صَنَمَانِ كَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ يَعْبُدُونَهُمَا مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ، وَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ: هُمَا كَلُّ مَعْبُودٍ يُعْبَدُ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى "أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُوا الطَّاغُوتَ" (النَّحْلِ -٣٦) ، وَقَالَ عُمَرُ: الْجِبْتُ: السِّحْرُ، وَالطَّاغُوتُ: الشَّيْطَانُ. وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّعْبِيِّ وَمُجَاهِدٍ. وَقِيلَ: الْجِبْتُ: الْأَوْثَانُ، وَالطَّاغُوتُ: شَيَاطِينُ الْأَوْثَانِ. وَلِكُلِّ صَنَمٍ شَيْطَانٌ، يُعَبِّرُ عَنْهُ، فَيَغْتَرُّ بِهِ النَّاسُ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِيرِينَ وَمَكْحُولٌ: الْجِبْتُ: الْكَاهِنُ، وَالطَّاغُوتُ: السَّاحِرُ. وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ وَأَبُو الْعَالِيَةِ: الْجِبْتُ: السَّاحِرُ بِلِسَانِ الْحَبَشَةِ، وَالطَّاغُوتُ: الْكَاهِنُ. وَرُوِيَ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ: الْجِبْتُ بِلِسَانِ الْحَبَشَةِ: شَيْطَانٌ. وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ: الْجِبْتُ: حُيَيُّ بْنُ أَخْطَبَ، وَالطَّاغُوتُ: كَعْبُ بْنُ الْأَشْرَفِ. دَلِيلُهُ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: "يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ يَتَحَاكَمُوا إِلَى الطَّاغُوتِ" (النِّسَاءِ -٦٠) أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ أَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، أَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الصَّفَّارُ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ الرَّمَادِيُّ، أَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ أَنَا مَعْمَرٌ عَنْ عَوْفٍ الْعَبْدِيِّ عَنْ حَيَّانَ عَنْ قَطَنِ بْنِ قَبِيصَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: "الْعِيَافَةُ وَالطَّرْقُ وَالطِّيرَةُ مِنَ الْجِبْتِ" (١) .

(١) أخرجه أبو داود في الطب - باب: في الخط وزجر الطير ٥ / ٣٧٣ وسكت عنه المنذري، وعزاه للنسائي وأحمد في المسند: ٣ / ٤٧٧ عن قبيصة و٥ / ٦٠ وعبد الرزاق في المصنف برقم: (١٩٥٠٢) والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٢ / ١٧٧، وقد حسن النووي هذا الحديث. والعيافة: زجر الطير، والطرق: هو الضرب بالحصى، والطيرة التشاؤم بالطيور والظباء ونحوها.