Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/226)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

the whole earth as a place of prayer, and its soil as a means of purification for us when we cannot find water.” (1)

The occasion on which dry ablution was first prescribed is related to us by Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sarakhsi, who said: Abu Ali Zahir ibn Ahmad al-Sarakhsi informed us; Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Abd al-Samad al-Hashimi informed us; Abu Musab informed us, from Malik, from Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim, from his father, from Aisha, the wife of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who said:

“We set out with the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, on one of his journeys. When we reached al-Bayda, or Dhat al-Jaysh, a necklace of mine broke. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, halted to search for it, and the people halted with him. They were not near water, nor did they have any water with them. So the people came to Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, and said, ‘Do you not see what Aisha has done? She has delayed the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and the people with him, while they are not near water and have no water with them.’

“Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, then came while the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was asleep with his head resting on my thigh. He said, ‘Have you delayed the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and the people, while they are not near water and have no water with them?’ Aisha said: ‘Abu Bakr reproached me and said whatever Allah willed him to say, and he began to prod my side with his hand. Nothing prevented me from moving except the position of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, upon my thigh. When morning came, the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, rose while there was no water. Thereupon Allah Most High revealed the verse concerning dry ablution: “then perform dry ablution.” Usayd ibn Hudayr, one of the leaders, said, “This is not the first of your blessings, O family of Abu Bakr.”’

Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, said: “We made the camel upon which I had been riding rise, and we found the necklace beneath it.” (2)

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nuaymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Ismail informed us; Ubayd ibn Ismail informed us; Abu Usamah informed us, from Hisham, from his father, from Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, that she borrowed a necklace from Asma, and it was lost. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, sent some of his Companions to search for it. The time for prayer came upon them, so they prayed without ablution. When they came to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, they complained of this to him, and the verse concerning dry ablution was revealed. Usayd ibn Hudayr said: “May Allah reward you with goodness. By Allah, no matter has ever befallen you except that Allah made for you a way out of it and made it a blessing for the Muslims.” (3)

“Then perform dry ablution,” that is, seek; “clean earth,” that is, pure and clean soil. Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, said: “The term for clean earth means soil.”

The scholars differed regarding what may be used for dry ablution. Al-Shafii, may Allah Most High have mercy on him, held that it is restricted to that which may properly be called soil, from which dust adheres to the hand, because the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Its soil has been made a means of purification for us.” (4)

(1) Reported by Muslim in the Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer, no. 522, 1:371. (2) Reported by al-Bukhari in the Book of Tayammum, chapter: “When One Finds Neither Water nor Earth,” 1:431, and elsewhere; by Muslim in the Book of Menstruation, chapter: “Tayammum,” no. 367, 1:279; and by the compiler of Sharh al-Sunnah, 2:104-106. (3) Reported by al-Bukhari in the Book of Tayammum, chapter: “When One Finds Neither Water nor Earth,” 1:440; and by Muslim in the Book of Menstruation, chapter: “Tayammum,” no. 367, 1:279. (4) This is part of the preceding hadith of Hudhayfah, reported by Muslim, no. 522, 1:371.

الْأَرْضُ كُلَّهَا مَسْجِدًا، وَجُعِلَتْ تُرْبَتُهَا لَنَا طَهُورًا إِذَا لَمْ نَجِدِ الْمَاءَ" (١) . وَكَانَ بَدْءُ التَّيَمُّمِ مَا أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ السَّرَخْسِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَلِيٍّ زَاهِرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ السَّرَخْسِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الصَّمَدِ الْهَاشِمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ﵂ زَوْجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَتْ: خَرَجْنَا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي بَعْضِ أَسْفَارِهِ حَتَّى إِذَا كُنَّا بِالْبَيْدَاءِ أَوْ بِذَاتِ الْجَيْشِ انْقَطَعَ عِقْدٌ لِي فَأَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى الْتِمَاسِهِ وَأَقَامَ النَّاسُ مَعَهُ، وَلَيْسُوا عَلَى مَاءٍ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءٌ فَأَتَى النَّاسُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ ﵁ فَقَالُوا أَلَّا تَرَى مَا صَنَعَتْ عَائِشَةُ أَقَامَتْ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَبِالنَّاسِ مَعَهُ، وَلَيْسُوا عَلَى مَاءٍ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءٌ فَجَاءَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ﵁ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَاضِعٌ رَأْسَهُ عَلَى فَخْذِي قَدْ نَامَ فَقَالَ: أَحَبَسْتِ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالنَّاسَ وَلَيْسُوا عَلَى مَاءٍ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءٌ، قَالَتْ: فَعَاتَبَنِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ ﵁ وَقَالَ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَقُولَ، وَجَعَلَ يَطْعَنُ بِيَدِهِ فِي خَاصِرَتِي فَلَا يَمْنَعُنِي مِنَ التَّحَرُّكِ إِلَّا مَكَانَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى فَخْذِي، فَقَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ أَصْبَحَ عَلَى غَيْرِ مَاءٍ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى آيَةَ التَّيَمُّمِ ﴿فَتَيَمَّمُوا﴾ فَقَالَ أُسَيْدُ بْنُ حُضَيْرٍ وَهُوَ أَحَدُ النُّقَبَاءِ: مَا هَذِهِ بِأَوَّلِ بَرَكَتِكُمْ يَا آلَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ ﵂: فَبَعَثْنَا الْبَعِيرَ الَّذِي كُنْتُ عَلَيْهِ فَوَجَدْنَا الْعِقْدَ تَحْتَهُ (٢) . وَأَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعْيَمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا عَبِيدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ هُشَامٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ﵂: أَنَّهَا اسْتَعَارَتْ مِنْ أَسْمَاءَ قِلَادَةً فَهَلَكَتْ: فَأَرْسَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَاسًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ فِي طَلَبِهَا فَأَدْرَكَتْهُمُ الصَّلَاةُ فَصَلُّوا بِغَيْرِ وُضُوءٍ، فَلَمَّا أَتَوُا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ شَكَوْا ذَلِكَ إِلَيْهِ فَنَزَلَتْ آيَةُ التَّيَمُّمِ. فَقَالَ أُسَيْدُ بْنُ حُضَيْرٍ: جَزَاكِ اللَّهُ خَيْرًا فَوَاللَّهِ مَا نَزَلَ بِكِ أَمْرٌ قَطُّ إِلَّا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ لَكِ مِنْهُ مَخْرَجًا وَجَعَلَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ فِيهِ بَرَكَةً (٣) . ﴿فَتَيَمَّمُوا﴾ أَيْ: اقصُدُوا، ﴿صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا﴾ أَيْ: تُرَابًا طَاهِرًا نَظِيفًا، قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: الصَّعِيدُ هُوَ التُّرَابُ. وَاخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِيمَا يَجُوزُ بِهِ التَّيَمُّمُ، فَذَهَبَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِلَى أَنَّهُ يَخْتَصُّ بِمَا يَقَعُ عَلَيْهِ اسْمُ التُّرَابِ مِمَّا يَعْلَقُ بِالْيَدِ مِنْهُ غُبَارٌ، لِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: "وَجُعِلَتْ تُرْبَتُهَا لَنَا طَهُورًا" (٤) .

(١) أخرجه مسلم في المساجد ومواضع الصلاة برقم (٥٢٢) : ١ / ٣٧١. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في التيمم، باب إذا لم يجد ماء ولا ترابا: ١ / ٤٣١ وفي مواضع أخرى، ومسلم في الحيض، باب التيمم، برقم (٣٦٧) : ١ / ٢٧٩، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٢ / ١٠٤ - ١٠٦. (٣) أخرجه البخاري في التيمم، باب إذا لم يجد ماء ولا ترابا: ١ / ٤٤٠ ومسلم في الحيض، باب التيمم، برقم: (٣٦٧) : ١ / ٢٧٩. (٤) قطعة من حديث حذيفة السابق عند مسلم برقم (٥٢٢) : ١ / ٣٧١.