Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/207)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

his wife, Habibah bint Zayd ibn Abi Zuhayr. This was stated by Muqatil. Al-Kalbi said: His wife was Habibah bint Muhammad ibn Maslamah. The reason was that she had defied him, so he slapped her. Her father took her to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and said, “I gave him my noble daughter in marriage, yet he slapped her.” The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Let her seek retribution from her husband.” She and her father left (1) to seek retribution from him. Then Gabriel, peace be upon him, came, and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Return; this is Gabriel, who has brought me something.” Then Allah revealed this verse (2). The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “We intended one matter, but Allah intended another; and what Allah intended is better,” and he rescinded retaliation (3).

Allah’s saying, exalted is He: “Men are caretakers of women” means that they are vested with authority to discipline them. The terms “caretaker” and “guardian” carry the same meaning, though “caretaker” is more emphatic: one who oversees their welfare, management, and discipline.

“Because Allah has given some of them advantage over others” means that He has favored men over women with greater intellect, religious commitment, and authority. It is also said: through legal testimony, due to His saying, exalted is He: “And if there are not two men available, then a man and two women” (al-Baqarah, 2:282). It is also said: through jihad; and it is said: through acts of worship such as Friday prayer and congregational prayer. It is also said that this refers to the fact that a man may marry four wives, whereas a woman may have no more than one husband. It is also said: because divorce lies in his hand; and it is said: through inheritance; and it is said: through blood money; and it is said: through prophethood.

“And because they spend from their wealth” means the payment of the bridal gift and maintenance. Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Salihi informed us; Abu Sa'id Muhammad ibn Musa al-Sayrafi informed us. He said: Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Saffar informed us; Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa al-Barti related to us; Abu Hudhayfah related to us; Sufyan related to us, from al-A'mash, from Abu Zabyan, that Mu'adh ibn Jabal, may Allah be pleased with him, said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “If I were to command anyone to prostrate to another, I would command a woman to prostrate to her husband” (4).

Allah’s saying, exalted is He: “So righteous women are devoutly obedient” means obedient; “guarding in their husbands’ absence” means guarding their chastity during their husbands’ absence. It is also said: guarding their husbands’ secrets. “What Allah has commanded them to guard”: Abu Ja'far recited it with “Allah” in the accusative, meaning that they guard the commands of Allah through obedience. The majority recite it in the nominative, meaning: by what Allah has preserved for them, through His instructing husbands concerning their rights and commanding them to give the bridal gift and maintenance.

It is also said: guarding in their husbands’ absence through Allah’s protection. Abu Sa'id al-Shurayhi informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi related to us; Abu Abd Allah ibn Fanjawayh related to us; Umar ibn al-Khattab informed us; Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Masuhi related to us; al-Harith ibn Abd Allah related to us; Abu Ma'shar related to us.

(1) Omitted from manuscript (B). (2) Omitted from manuscript (B). (3) See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 144. (4) Recorded by Ibn Majah in Kitab al-Nikah (The Book of Marriage), chapter: “The Husband’s Right over the Wife,” no. 1853, 1:595; authenticated by Ibn Hibban, no. 1290, Mawarid al-Zam'an, p. 314; and by Ahmad in al-Musnad, 4:381, on the authority of Abd Allah ibn Abi Awfa, and 5:227-228, on the authority of Muadh ibn Jabal; and by the compiler of Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:158.

امْرَأَتِهِ حَبِيبَةَ بِنْتِ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَبِي زُهَيْرٍ، قَالَهُ مُقَاتِلٌ، وَقَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ: امْرَأَتُهُ حَبِيبَةُ بِنْتُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهَا نَشَزَتْ عَلَيْهِ فَلَطَمَهَا، فَانْطَلَقَ أَبُوهَا مَعَهَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ [فَقَالَ: أَفْرَشْتُهُ كَرِيمَتِي فَلَطَمَهَا، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "لِتَقْتَصَّ مِنْ زَوْجِهَا"، فَانْصَرَفَتْ مَعَ أَبِيهَا] (١) لِتَقْتَصَّ مِنْهُ فَجَاءَ جِبْرِيلُ ﵇ [فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "ارْجِعُوا هَذَا جِبْرِيلُ أَتَانِي بِشَيْءٍ"، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ] (٢) ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "أَرَدْنَا أَمْرًا وَأَرَادَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا، وَالَّذِي أَرَادَ اللَّهُ خَيْرٌ"، وَرَفَعَ الْقِصَاصَ (٣) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿الرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى النِّسَاءِ﴾ أَيْ: مُسَلَّطُونَ عَلَى تَأْدِيبِهِنَّ، وَالْقَوَّامُ وَالْقَيِّمُ بِمَعْنًى وَاحِدٍ، وَالْقَوَّامُ أَبْلَغُ وَهُوَ الْقَائِمُ بِالْمَصَالِحِ وَالتَّدْبِيرِ وَالتَّأْدِيبِ. ﴿بِمَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ﴾ يَعْنِي: فَضَّلَ الرِّجَالَ عَلَى النِّسَاءِ بِزِيَادَةِ الْعَقْلِ وَالدِّينِ وَالْوِلَايَةِ، وَقِيلَ: بِالشَّهَادَةِ، لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُونَا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَامْرَأَتَانِ" (الْبَقَرَةِ -٢٨٢) وَقِيلَ: بِالْجِهَادِ، وَقِيلَ: بِالْعِبَادَاتِ مِنَ الْجُمُعَةِ وَالْجَمَاعَةِ، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ يَنْكِحُ أَرْبَعًا وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِلْمَرْأَةِ إِلَّا زَوْجٌ وَاحِدٌ، وَقِيلَ: بِأَنَّ الطَّلَاقَ بِيَدِهِ، وَقِيلَ: بِالْمِيرَاثِ، وَقِيلَ: بِالدِّيَةِ، وَقِيلَ: بِالنُّبُوَّةِ. ﴿وَبِمَا أَنْفَقُوا مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ﴾ يَعْنِي: إِعْطَاءَ الْمَهْرِ وَالنَّفَقَةِ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الصَّيْرَفِيُّ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّفَّارُ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى الْبَرْتِيُّ أَنَا أَبُو حُذَيْفَةَ، أَنَا سُفْيَانُ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ أَبِي ظَبْيَانِ أَنَّ مُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَوْ أَمَرْتُ أَحَدًا أَنْ يَسْجُدَ لِأَحَدٍ لَأَمَرَتُ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْ تَسْجُدَ لِزَوْجِهَا" (٤) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿فَالصَّالِحَاتُ قَانِتَاتٌ﴾ أَيْ: مُطِيعَاتٌ ﴿حَافِظَاتٌ لِلْغَيْبِ﴾ أَيْ: حَافِظَاتٌ لِلْفُرُوجِ فِي غَيْبَةِ الْأَزْوَاجِ، وَقِيلَ: حَافِظَاتٌ لِسِرِّهِمْ ﴿بِمَا حَفِظَ اللَّهُ﴾ قَرَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ ﴿بِمَا حَفِظَ اللَّهَ﴾ بِالنَّصْبِ، أَيْ: يَحْفَظْنَ اللَّهَ فِي الطَّاعَةِ، وَقِرَاءَةُ الْعَامَّةِ بِالرَّفْعِ، أَيْ: بِمَا حَفِظَهُنَّ اللَّهُ بِإِيصَاءِ الْأَزْوَاجِ بِحَقِّهِنَّ وَأَمْرِهِمْ بِأَدَاءِ الْمَهْرِ وَالنَّفَقَةِ. وَقِيلَ: حَافِظَاتٌ لِلْغَيْبِ بِحِفْظِ اللَّهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الشُّرَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الثَّعْلَبِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنُ فَنْجَوَيْهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الْمُسُوحِيُّ، أَنَا الْحَارِثُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، أَنَا أَبُو مَعْشَرٍ

(١) ساقط من (ب) . (٢) ساقط من (ب) . (٣) انظر: أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (١٤٤) . (٤) أخرجه ابن ماجه في النكاح، باب حق الزوج على المرأة برقم (١٨٥٣) : ١ / ٥٩٥، وصححه ابن حبان برقم (١٢٩٠) موارد الظمآن ص (٣١٤) ، وأحمد في المسند: ٤ / ٣٨١ عن عبد الله بن أبي أوفى، ٥ / ٢٢٧ - ٢٢٨ عن معاذ بن جبل، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ١٥٨.