Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/204)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

al-Mulayhi informed us: Ahmad ibn Abdullah al-Na‘imi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; Abu al-Walid informed us; Mahdi ibn Ghaylan informed us, from Anas, who said: “You commit deeds that appear finer than a hair in your own eyes, whereas in the time of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, we regarded them as destructive sins.” (1)

It was also said: “Major sins are associating partners with Allah and whatever leads to it; whatever is less than associating partners with Allah is sinful wrongdoing.” Allah, exalted is He, says: “Indeed, Allah does not forgive that partners be associated with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He wills.” (al-Nisa 4:48, 116)

His saying, exalted is He: “If you avoid the major sins that you are forbidden to commit, We will absolve you of your lesser sins”—that is, from one prayer to the next, from one Friday prayer to the next, and from one Ramadan to the next.

Isma‘il ibn Abd al-Qahir informed us; Abd al-Ghafir ibn Muhammad informed us; Muhammad ibn Isa al-Juludi informed us; Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Sufyan informed us; Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj informed us; Harun ibn Sa‘id al-Ayli related to me: Ibn Wahb informed us, from Abu Sakhr, that Umar ibn Ishaq, the freedman of Za’idah, related to him from his father, from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, used to say: “The five daily prayers, from one Friday prayer to the next, and from one Ramadan to the next, are expiations for whatever lies between them, so long as major sins are avoided.” (2)

His saying, exalted is He: “And We shall admit you into a noble entrance”—that is, a good entrance, namely Paradise. The Medinan reciters read “entrance” here and in Surat al-Hajj with an a-vowel on the mim, meaning the place of entry. The remaining reciters read it with a u-vowel, as a verbal noun meaning admission.

“And do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you excel others. For men is a share of what they have earned, and for women is a share of what they have earned. And ask Allah of His bounty. Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing of all things.” (32)

His saying, exalted is He: “And do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you excel others”—the verse. Mujahid said: Umm Salamah said, “O Messenger of Allah, men go forth to battle whereas we do not, and they receive twice the share of inheritance that we receive. If only we were men, we would go forth to battle as they do and receive from the inheritance what they receive.” Then this verse was revealed. (3)

It was also said: When Allah assigned the male a share equal to that of two females in inheritance, the women said: “We are more deserving and more in need of an increase than men, for we are weak, while they are stronger and more able to seek a livelihood.” So Allah, exalted is He, revealed: “And do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you excel others.”

(1) Reported by al-Bukhari in al-Riqaq (Softening of the Hearts), chapter: “What one should guard against of minor sins,” 11:329; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 14:398. (2) Reported by Muslim in al-Taharah (Purification), chapter: “The Five Daily Prayers,” no. 233, 1:209; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 2:177. (3) Reported by al-Wahidi, with his chain of transmission, in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 181. See also Tafsir al-Tabari, 8:261; and al-Durr al-Manthur, 2:507.

الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ، أَنَا مَهْدِيُّ بْنُ غَيْلَانَ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ قَالَ: إِنَّكُمْ لَتَعْمَلُونَ أَعْمَالًا هِيَ أَدَقُّ فِي أَعْيُنِكُمْ مِنَ الشَّعْرِ، إِنْ كُنَّا نَعُدُّهَا عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنَ الْمُوبِقَاتِ (١) . وَقِيلَ: الْكَبَائِرُ الشِّرْكُ وَمَا يُؤَدِّي إِلَيْهِ، وَمَا دُونَ الشِّرْكِ فَهُوَ السَّيِّئَاتُ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: "إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَنْ يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَلِكَ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ" (النِّسَاءِ -٤٨، ١١٦) . وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿إِنْ تَجْتَنِبُوا كَبَائِرَ مَا تُنْهَوْنَ عَنْهُ نُكَفِّرْ عَنْكُمْ سَيِّئَاتِكُمْ﴾ أَيْ: مِنَ الصَّلَاةِ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَمِنَ الْجُمُعَةِ إِلَى الْجُمُعَةِ وَمِنْ رَمَضَانَ إِلَى رَمَضَانَ. أَخْبَرَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْقَاهِرِ، أَنَا عَبْدُ الْغَافِرِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عِيسَى الْجُلُودِيُّ، أَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سُفْيَانَ، أَنَا مُسْلِمُ بْنُ الْحَجَّاجِ، حَدَّثَنِي هَارُونُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْأَيْلِيُّ أَنَا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ عَنْ أَبِي صَخْرٍ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ إِسْحَاقَ مَوْلَى زَائِدَةَ حَدَّثَهُ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَقُولُ: "الصَّلَوَاتُ الْخَمْسُ وَالْجُمُعَةُ إِلَى الْجُمُعَةِ، وَرَمَضَانُ إِلَى رَمَضَانَ، مُكَفِّرَاتٌ لِمَا بَيْنَهُنَّ إِذَا اجْتُنِبَ الْكَبَائِرُ" (٢) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَنُدْخِلْكُمْ مُدْخَلًا كَرِيمًا﴾ أَيْ: حَسَنًا وَهُوَ الْجَنَّةُ، قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ ﴿مَدْخَلًا﴾ بِفَتْحِ الْمِيمِ هَاهُنَا وَفِي الْحَجِّ، وَهُوَ مَوْضِعُ الدُّخُولِ، وَقَرَأَ الْبَاقُونَ بِالضَّمِّ عَلَى الْمَصْدَرِ بِمَعْنَى الْإِدْخَالِ. ﴿وَلَا تَتَمَنَّوْا مَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بِهِ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ لِلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٌ مِمَّا اكْتَسَبُوا وَلِلنِّسَاءِ نَصِيبٌ مِمَّا اكْتَسَبْنَ وَاسْأَلُوا اللَّهَ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُلِ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمًا (٣٢) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَلَا تَتَمَنَّوْا مَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بِهِ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ﴾ الْآيَةَ، قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: قَالَتْ أُمُّ سَلَمَةَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ الرِّجَالَ يَغْزُونَ وَلَا نَغْزُو وَلَهُمْ ضِعْفُ مَا لَنَا مِنَ الْمِيرَاثِ، فَلَوْ كُنَّا رِجَالًا غَزَوْنَا كَمَا غَزَوْا وَأَخَذْنَا مِنَ الْمِيرَاثِ مِثْلَ مَا أَخَذُوا. فَنَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ (٣) . وَقِيلَ: لَمَّا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ ﷿ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلَ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ فِي الْمِيرَاثِ، قَالَتِ النِّسَاءُ: نَحْنُ أَحَقُّ وَأَحْوَجُ إِلَى الزِّيَادَةِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ، لِأَنَّا ضُعَفَاءُ وَهُمْ أَقْوَى وَأَقْدَرُ عَلَى طَلَبِ الْمَعَاشِ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَلَا تَتَمَنَّوْا مَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بِهِ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ﴾

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الرقاق، باب ما يتقي من محقرات الذنوب: ١١ / ٣٢٩، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٤ / ٣٩٨. (٢) أخرجه مسلم في الطهارة، باب الصلوات الخمس برقم (٢٣٣) : ١ / ٢٠٩، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٢ / ١٧٧. (٣) أخرجه الواحدي بسنده في أسباب النزول ص (١٨١) ، ونظر: تفسير الطبري: ٨ / ٢٦١، الدر المنثور: ٢ / ٥٠٧.