Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/199)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Allah wishes to turn to you in mercy, whereas those who follow their desires wish you to deviate greatly. (27) Allah wishes to lighten your burden, for humankind was created weak. (28) O you who believe, do not consume one another’s wealth unlawfully, unless it be through trade by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves. Surely Allah is Ever-Merciful to you. (29)”

“Allah wishes to turn to you in mercy” if you fall short in a matter of His religion. “Whereas those who follow their desires wish you to deviate” from the truth, “greatly,” by committing what He has forbidden you. There was disagreement over those described as following their desires. Al-Suddī said: They are the Jews and Christians. Others said: They are the Magians, because they deem lawful marriage to sisters and to nieces. Mujāhid said: They are those who commit unlawful sexual intercourse; they want you to deviate from the truth and commit unlawful sexual intercourse as they do. It was also said: They are all the people of falsehood.

“Allah wishes to lighten your burden”: that is, to make the rulings of the Sacred Law easy for you. And He has indeed made them easy, as He—exalted is His mention—says: “and He lifts from them their burden” (Quran 7:157). The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “I have been sent with the upright, tolerant, and easy religion of pure monotheism.” (1) “For humankind was created weak.” Ṭāwūs, al-Kalbī, and others said that this refers to women: one cannot endure being without them. Ibn Kaysān said: “Humankind was created weak” in that one is swayed by his inclinations and desires. Al-Ḥasan said: This means that he was created from a despised fluid. This is clarified by His saying: “Allah is the One who created you from weakness” (Quran 30:54).

His saying, exalted is He: “O you who believe, do not consume one another’s wealth unlawfully,” meaning through what is forbidden, such as usury, gambling, usurpation, theft, breach of trust, and the like. It was also said that it refers to invalid contracts. “Unless it be through trade”: the Kufan reciters read “trade” in the accusative, as the predicate of the verb “to be”; that is, unless the wealth be trade. The others read it in the nominative; that is, unless a transaction takes place. “By mutual consent”: that is, with the willing approval of every one of you.

It was also said that it means that each of the two parties to a sale ratifies the transaction with the other after the sale, whereupon it becomes binding. Otherwise, both retain the option to rescind as long as they have not separated,

(1) Reported by Imam Ahmad in al-Musnad, 5:266, on the authority of Abu Umamah; by al-Khatib al-Baghdadi in al-Faqih wa al-Mutafaqqih, 2:204; and by al-Tabarani in al-Kabir. Its chain includes Ali ibn Yazid al-Alhani, who is weak. See Majma al-Zawa'id, 5:279. However, the hadith is hasan (sound) due to its multiple chains and supporting reports. See al-Nahj al-Sadid fi Takhrij Ahadith Taysir al-Aziz al-Hamid, pp. 333-334.

﴿وَاللَّهُ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَتُوبَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَيُرِيدُ الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الشَّهَوَاتِ أَنْ تَمِيلُوا مَيْلًا عَظِيمًا (٢٧) يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ أَنْ يُخَفِّفَ عَنْكُمْ وَخُلِقَ الْإِنْسَانُ ضَعِيفًا (٢٨) يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْكُمْ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًا (٢٩) ﴾ ﴿وَاللَّهُ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَتُوبَ عَلَيْكُمْ﴾ إِنْ وَقْعَ مِنْكُمْ تَقْصِيرٌ فِي أَمْرِ دِينِهِ ﴿وَيُرِيدُ الَّذِينَ يَتَّبِعُونَ الشَّهَوَاتِ أَنْ تَمِيلُوا﴾ عَنِ الْحَقِّ، ﴿مَيْلًا عَظِيمًا﴾ بِإِتْيَانِكُمْ مَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمْ، وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي الْمَوْصُوفِينَ بِاتِّبَاعِ الشَّهَوَاتِ، قَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: هُمُ الْيَهُودُ وَالنَّصَارَى، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: هُمُ الْمَجُوسُ لِأَنَّهُمْ يُحِلُّونَ نِكَاحَ الْأَخَوَاتِ وَبَنَاتُ الْأَخِ وَالْأُخْتِ، وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: هُمُ الزُّنَاةُ يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَمِيلُوا عَنِ الْحَقِّ فَتَزْنُونَ كَمَا يَزْنُونَ، وَقِيلَ: هُمْ جَمِيعُ أَهْلِ الْبَاطِلِ. ﴿يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ أَنْ يُخَفِّفَ عَنْكُمْ﴾ يُسَهِّلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي أَحْكَامِ الشَّرْعِ، وَقَدْ سَهَّلَ كَمَا قَالَ جَلَّ ذِكْرُهُ: "وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ" (الْأَعْرَافِ -١٥٧) وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "بُعِثْتُ بالحنيفية السمحة السلهة" (١) ، ﴿وَخُلِقَ الْإِنْسَانُ ضَعِيفًا﴾ قال طاووس وَالْكَلْبِيُّ وَغَيْرُهُمَا فِي أَمْرِ النِّسَاءِ: لَا يُصْبَرُ عَنْهُنَّ، وَقَالَ ابْنُ كَيْسَانَ: ﴿وَخُلِقَ الْإِنْسَانُ ضَعِيفًا﴾ يَسْتَمِيلُهُ هَوَاهُ وَشَهْوَتُهُ، وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ: هُوَ أَنَّهُ خُلِقَ مِنْ مَاءٍ مَهِينٍ، بَيَانُهُ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ ضَعْفٍ" (الرُّومِ -٥٤) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ﴾ بِالْحَرَامِ، يَعْنِي: بِالرِّبَا وَالْقُمَارِ وَالْغَصْبِ وَالسَّرِقَةِ وَالْخِيَانَةِ وَنَحْوَهَا، وَقِيلَ: هُوَ الْعُقُودُ الْفَاسِدَةُ ﴿إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً﴾ ، قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ ﴿تِجَارَةً﴾ نُصِبَ عَلَى خَبَرِ كَانَ، أَيْ: إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ الْأَمْوَالُ تِجَارَةً، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالرَّفْعِ، أَيْ: إِلَّا أَنْ تَقَعَ تِجَارَةٌ، ﴿عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْكُمْ﴾ أَيْ: بِطِيبَةِ نَفْسِ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْكُمْ. وَقِيلَ: هُوَ أَنْ يُجِيزَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْمُتَبَايِعَيْنِ صَاحِبَهُ بَعْدَ الْبَيْعِ، فَيَلْزَمُ، وَإِلَّا فَلَهُمَا الْخِيَارُ مَا لَمْ يَتَفَرَّقَا

(١) أخرجه الإمام أحمد في المسند: ٥ / ٢٦٦ عن أبي أمامة، والخطيب البغدادي في الفقيه والمتفقه: ٢ / ٢٠٤، والطبراني في الكبير، وفيه علي بن يزيد الألهاني: ضعيف. انظر: مجمع الزوائد: ٥ / ٢٧٩. والحديث حسن لتعدد طرقه وشواهده. انظر: النهج السديد في تخريج أحاديث تيسير العزيز الحميد، ص (٣٣٣ - ٣٣٤) .