Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/189)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

In summary: fosterage renders unlawful in marriage whatever is rendered unlawful by blood relationship. Abu al-Hasan al-Sarakhsi informed us; Zahir ibn Ahmad informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Hashimi informed us; Abu Mus'ab informed us, from Malik, from Abdullah ibn Dinar, from Sulayman ibn Yasar, from Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, from Aishah, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “Fosterage renders unlawful whatever blood relationship renders unlawful.” (1)

Abu al-Hasan al-Sarakhsi informed us; Zahir ibn Ahmad informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Hashimi informed us, who said: Abu Mus'ab informed us, from Malik, from Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr, from Amrah bint Abd al-Rahman, from Aishah, the wife of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, that she informed her that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, was with her when she heard the voice of a man seeking permission to enter Hafsah’s house. Aishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said: “I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, if so-and-so—her foster-uncle—were alive, could he enter upon me?’ The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, replied: ‘Yes. Fosterage renders unlawful whatever blood relationship renders unlawful.’” (2)

The prohibition arising from fosterage is established only upon two conditions. The first is that it occur before the child has completed two years, as Allah, exalted is He, says: “Mothers may nurse their children for two complete years.” (al-Baqarah 2:233) It is narrated from Umm Salamah, may Allah be pleased with her, that she said: The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “No fosterage creates prohibition except that which penetrates the intestines.” (3) Ibn Mas'ud, may Allah be pleased with him, also narrated from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, that he said: “No fosterage creates prohibition except that which strengthens the bone and grows the flesh.” (4) This can only occur in infancy.

According to Abu Hanifah, may Allah have mercy on him, the period of nursing is thirty months, based on His statement, exalted is He: “His gestation and weaning take thirty months.” (al-Ahqaf 46:15) According to the majority, this period comprises the minimum duration of pregnancy and the maximum duration of nursing; the minimum duration of pregnancy is six months.

The second condition is that there be five separate nursing sessions. This is narrated from Aishah, may Allah be pleased with her, and it was also held by Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr; it is the view adopted by al-Shafi'i, may Allah, exalted is He, have mercy on him.

Most scholars hold that both a small and a large amount of nursing establish the prohibition. This was the view of Ibn Abbas and Ibn Umar, and it was held by

(1) Narrated by Muslim in Kitab al-Rada' (Breastfeeding), chapter: “What is prohibited through breastfeeding is that which is prohibited through birth,” no. 1444, 4:1068; and by the author of Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:73. (2) Narrated by al-Bukhari in Kitab al-Nikah (Marriage), chapter: “And your mothers who nursed you,” 9:139-140, as well as elsewhere; and by Muslim in Kitab al-Rada', chapter: “What is prohibited through breastfeeding is that which is prohibited through birth,” no. 1444, 4:1068; and by the author of Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:72-73. (3) Narrated by al-Tirmidhi in Kitab al-Rada', chapter: “What has been reported regarding breastfeeding establishing prohibition only during childhood, before the age of two,” 4:313. He said: “This hadith is hasan sahih (sound and authentic).” Ibn Majah narrated it from Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr with the wording: “No breastfeeding establishes prohibition except that which opens the intestines,” no. 1946, 1:626. Ibn Hibban also narrated it in Kitab al-Nikah, no. 1250, p. 305 of Mawarid al-Zam'an; and Ibn Majah in Kitab al-Nikah, no. 1946, 1:626, with the wording: “No breastfeeding establishes prohibition except that which opens the intestines.” See also Irwa al-Ghalil, 7:221-222. (4) Narrated by Abu Dawud in Kitab al-Nikah, chapter on adult breastfeeding, 3:11. Al-Mundhiri said: Abu Hatim al-Razi was asked about Abu Musa al-Hilali, and he replied: “He is unknown, and his father is unknown.” It was also narrated by al-Bayhaqi in al-Sunan, 7:461; al-Daraqutni, 4:173; and Ahmad, 1:432. Al-Albani graded the hadith weak in Irwa al-Ghalil, 7:223.

وَجُمْلَتُهُ: أَنَّهُ يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ مَا يَحْرُمُ مِنَ النَّسَبِ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ، أَنَا زَاهِرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ، أَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الْهَاشِمِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ مَا يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الْوِلَادَةِ" (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ، أَنَا زَاهِرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ، أَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الْهَاشِمِيُّ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، عَنْ عَمْرَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهَا أَخْبَرَتْهَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ عِنْدَهَا وَأَنَّهَا سَمِعَتْ صَوْتَ رَجُلٍ يَسْتَأْذِنُ فِي بَيْتِ حَفْصَةَ، فَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ ﵂ فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ لَوْ كَانَ فُلَانٌ حَيًّا -لِعَمِّهَا مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ -أَيَدْخُلُ عَلَيَّ؟ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ "نَعَمْ إِنَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الْوِلَادَةِ" (٢) . وَإِنَّمَا تَثْبُتُ حُرْمَةُ الرَّضَاعِ بِشَرْطَيْنِ، أَحَدُهُمَا: أَنْ يَكُونَ قَبْلَ اسْتِكْمَالِ الْمَوْلُودِ حَوْلَيْنِ، لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى "وَالْوَالِدَاتُ يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلَادَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ" (الْبَقَرَةِ -٢٣٣) وَرُوِيَ عَنْ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ ﵂ قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَا يُحَرِّمُ مِنَ الرَّضَاعِ إِلَّا مَا فَتَقَ الْأَمْعَاءَ" (٣) . وَعَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ﵁ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: "لَا رَضَاعَ إِلَّا مَا أَنْشَزَ الْعَظْمَ وَأَنْبَتَ اللَّحْمَ" (٤) ، وَإِنَّمَا يَكُونُ هَذَا فِي حَالِ الصِّغَرِ. وَعِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ ﵁: مُدَّةَ الرِّضَاعِ ثَلَاثُونَ شَهْرًا، لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "وَحَمْلُهُ وَفِصَالُهُ ثَلَاثُونَ شَهْرًا" (الْأَحْقَافِ -١٥) ، وَهُوَ عِنْدَ الْأَكْثَرِينَ لِأَقَلِّ مُدَّةِ الْحَمْلِ، وَأَكْثَرِ مُدَّةِ الرِّضَاعِ وَأَقَلُّ مُدَّةِ الْحَمْلِ سِتَّةُ أَشْهُرٍ. وَالشَّرْطُ الثَّانِي أَنْ يُوجَدَ خَمْسُ رَضَعَاتٍ مُتَفَرِّقَاتٍ، يُرْوَى ذَلِكَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ﵂، وَبِهِ قَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ الشَّافِعِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى. وَذَهَبَ أَكْثَرُ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ إِلَى أَنَّ قَلِيلَ الرَّضَاعِ وَكَثِيرَهُ يُحَرِّمُ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَابْنِ عُمَرَ، وَبِهِ قَالَ

(١) أخرجه مسلم في الرضاع، باب يحرم من الرضاع ما يحرم من الولادة، برقم (١٤٤٤) : ٤ / ١٠٦٨، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ٧٣. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في النكاح، باب "وأمهاتكم اللاتي أرضعنكم": ٩ / ١٣٩ - ١٤٠، وفي مواضع أخرى، ومسلم في الرضاع، باب يحرم من الرضاعة ما يحرم من الولادة برقم (١٤٤٤) : ٤ / ١٠٦٨، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ٧٢ - ٧٣. (٣) أخرجه الترمذي في الرضاع، باب ما جاء أن الرضاعة لا تحرم إلا في الصغر دون الحولين: ٤ / ٣١٣. وقال: هذا حديث حسن صحيح، وابن ماجه عن عبد الله بن الزبير بلفظ: لا رضاعة إلا ما فتق الأمعاء، برقم (١٩٤٦) : ١ / ٦٢٦، وابن حبان في النكاح برقم (١٢٥٠) ص (٣٠٥) من موارد الظمآن، وابن ماجه في النكاح برقم (١٩٤٦) : ١ / ٦٢٦، بلفظ " لا رضاعة إلا ما فتق الأمعاء". وانظر: إرواء الغليل: ٧ / ٢٢١ -٢٢٢. (٤) أخرجه أبو داود في النكاح، باب في رضاعة الكبير: ٣ / ١١، قال: المنذري: سئل أبو حاتم الرازي عن أبي موسى الهلالي؟ فقال: هو مجهول وأبوه مجهول. وأخرجه البيهقي في السنن: ٧ / ٤٦١، والدارقطني: ٤ / ١٧٣، وأحمد: ١ / ٤٣٢، والحديث ضعفه الألباني في ارواء الغليل: ٧ / ٢٢٣.