Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/176)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

to the daughter or the sister.

Likewise, a son’s son renders as residuary heirs the female descendants at his own degree, as well as those above him, provided they have not received any of the two-thirds. Thus, if a person dies leaving two daughters and a son’s daughter, the two daughters receive two-thirds, and the son’s daughter receives nothing. But if there is a son’s son at her degree, or a son’s son’s son below her, the remainder is divided between them, with the male receiving the share of two females.

A full sister or paternal half-sister becomes a residuary heir alongside a daughter. Thus, if a person dies leaving a daughter and a sister, the daughter receives one-half and the sister receives the remainder. If he dies leaving two daughters and a sister, the two daughters receive two-thirds and the sister receives the remainder.

The evidence for this is what ‘Abd al-Wāḥid al-Mulayḥī informed us: Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Nu‘aymī informed us; Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf informed us; Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl informed us; Ādam informed us; Shu‘bah informed us; Abū Qays informed us, who said: I heard Hudhayl ibn Shuraḥbīl say: Abū Mūsā was asked about a daughter, a son’s daughter, and a sister. He replied, “The daughter receives one-half, and the sister receives one-half. Go to Ibn Mas‘ūd, and he will agree with me.” Ibn Mas‘ūd was then asked and informed of Abū Mūsā’s ruling. He said, “If I were to rule thus, I would have gone astray and would not be among those rightly guided. I rule concerning her as the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, ruled: the daughter receives one-half; the son’s daughter receives one-sixth, completing two-thirds; and what remains belongs to the sister.” We then went to Abū Mūsā and informed him of Ibn Mas‘ūd’s ruling, may Allah be pleased with him. He said, “Do not ask me while this learned scholar is among you.” (1)

We return to the explanation of the verse. They differed concerning the reason for its revelation. ‘Abd al-Wāḥid al-Mulayḥī informed us: Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Nu‘aymī informed us; Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf informed us; Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl informed us; Abū al-Walīd informed us; Shu‘bah informed us from Muḥammad ibn al-Munkadir, who said: I heard Jābir say: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, came to visit me while I was ill and unconscious. He performed ablution and poured some of the water from his ablution over me, whereupon I regained consciousness. I said, “Messenger of Allah, who will inherit me? My heirs are only collateral relatives.” Then the verse of the prescribed shares was revealed. (2)

Muqātil and al-Kalbī said: It was revealed concerning Umm Kujjah, the wife of Aws ibn Thābit, and her daughters. (3)

‘Aṭā’ said: Sa‘d ibn al-Rabī‘, the tribal leader, was martyred on the day of Uḥud, leaving behind a wife, two daughters, and a brother. The brother took the estate. Sa‘d’s wife then came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, accompanied by Sa‘d’s two daughters, and said: “Messenger of Allah, these two are Sa‘d’s daughters, and Sa‘d (4) was killed as a martyr on the day of Uḥud. Their uncle has taken their property, and they cannot be married unless they possess wealth.” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Go back, for perhaps Allah will issue a ruling concerning this matter.” Then the words, “Allah instructs you,” were revealed until the end of the verse. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, then summoned their uncle and said to him, “Give Sa‘d’s two daughters two-thirds, their mother one-eighth, and whatever remains is yours.” (5) This was the first inheritance to be distributed in Islam.

(1) Recorded by al-Bukhari in The Book of Inheritance, chapter: “The Inheritance of a Son’s Daughter Alongside a Daughter,” 12/17; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 8/333. (2) Recorded by al-Bukhari in The Book of Tafsir, under the interpretation of Surat al-Nisa, chapter: “Allah instructs you concerning your children,” 8/243; and by Muslim in The Book of Inheritance, chapter: “The Inheritance of the Kalalah,” no. 1616, 3/1234. (3) See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, pp. 137-138. (4) Omitted in manuscript (A). (5) Recorded by Abu Dawud in The Book of Inheritance, chapter: “What Has Been Related Regarding Direct Descendants,” 4/166-167; by al-Tirmidhi in The Book of Inheritance, chapter: “What Has Been Related Regarding the Inheritance of Daughters,” 6/267-268, who said: “This hadith is hasan sahih”; by Ibn Majah in The Book of Inheritance, chapter: “The Prescribed Shares of Direct Descendants,” no. 2720, 2/908; and by al-Hakim in al-Mustadrak, 4/334, who authenticated it according to the criteria of al-Bukhari and Muslim, and al-Dhahabi concurred. Al-Wahidi also narrated it, through his chain from Jabir, in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 139.

لِلْبِنْتِ وَالْأُخْتِ. وَكَذَلِكَ ابْنُ الِابْنِ يَعْصِبُ مَنْ فِي دَرَجَتِهِ مِنَ الْإِنَاثِ، وَمَنْ فَوْقَهُ إِذَا لَمْ يَأْخُذْ مِنَ الثُّلُثَيْنِ شَيْئًا حَتَّى لَوْ مَاتَ عَنْ بِنْتَيْنِ وَبِنْتِ ابْنٍ فَلِلْبِنْتَيْنِ الثُّلُثَانِ وَلَا شَيْءَ لَبَنَتِ الِابْنِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ فِي دَرَجَتِهَا ابْنُ ابْنٍ أَوْ أَسْفَلَ مِنْهَا ابْنُ ابْنِ ابْنٍ كَانَ الْبَاقِي بَيْنَهُمَا لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الْأُنْثَيَيْنِ. وَالْأُخْتُ لِلْأَبِ وَالْأُمِّ وَلِلْأَبِ تَكُونُ عَصَبَةً مَعَ الْبِنْتِ حَتَّى لَوْ مَاتَ عَنْ بِنْتٍ وَأُخْتٍ كَانَ النِّصْفُ لِلْبِنْتِ وَالْبَاقِي لِلْأُخْتِ، فَلَوْ مَاتَ عَنْ بِنْتَيْنِ وَأُخْتٍ فَلِلْبِنْتَيْنِ الثُّلُثَانِ وَالْبَاقِي لِلْأُخْتِ. وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ مَا أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا آدَمُ، أَنَا شُعْبَةُ، أَنَا أَبُو قَيْسٍ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ هُذَيْلَ بْنَ شُرَحْبِيلَ قَالَ: سُئِلَ أَبُو مُوسَى عَنِ ابْنَةٍ وَبِنْتِ ابْنٍ وَأُخْتٍ فَقَالَ: لِلْبِنْتِ النِّصْفُ وَلِلْأُخْتِ النِّصْفُ، وَائْتِ ابْنَ مَسْعُودٍ فَسَيُتَابِعُنِي فَسُئِلَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَأُخْبِرَ بِقَوْلِ أَبِي مُوسَى فَقَالَ: لَقَدْ ضَلَلْتُ إذًا وَمَا أَنَا مِنَ الْمُهْتَدِينَ أَقْضِي فِيهَا بِمَا قَضَى بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: لِلْبِنْتِ النِّصْفُ وَلِابْنَةِ الِابْنِ السُّدُسُ تَكْمِلَةُ الثُّلْثَيْنِ وَمَا بَقِيَ فَلِلْأُخْتِ، فَأَتَيْنَا أَبَا مُوسَى فَأَخْبَرْنَاهُ بِقَوْلِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ﵁، فَقَالَ: لَا تَسْأَلُونِي مَا دَامَ هَذَا الْحَبْرُ فِيكُمْ (١) . رَجَعْنَا إِلَى تَفْسِيرِ الْآيَةِ: وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي سَبَبِ نُزُولِهَا. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْوَلِيدِ، أَنَا شُعْبَةُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْمُنْكَدِرِ: سَمِعْتُ جَابِرًا يَقُولُ جَاءَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَعُودُنِي وَأَنَا مَرِيضٌ لَا أَعْقِلُ فَتَوَضَّأَ وَصَبَّ عَلَيَّ مِنْ وَضُوئِهِ فَعَقَلَتُ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ لِمَنِ الْمِيرَاثُ إِنَّمَا يَرِثُنِي كَلَالَةً؟ فَنَزَلَتْ آيَةُ الْفَرَائِضِ (٢) . وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ وَالْكَلْبِيُّ: نَزَلَتْ فِي أُمِّ كُجَّةَ امْرَأَةِ أَوْسِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ وَبَنَاتِهِ (٣) . وَقَالَ عَطَاءٌ: اسْتُشْهِدَ سَعْدُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ النَّقِيبُ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ وَتَرَكَ امْرَأَةً وَبِنْتَيْنِ وَأَخًا، فَأَخَذَ الْأَخُ الْمَالَ فَأَتَتِ امْرَأَةُ سَعِدٍ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِابْنَتَيْ سَعِدٍ [فَقَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ هَاتَيْنِ ابْنَتَا سعد وإنّ سَعْدٍ] (٤) قُتِلَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ شَهِيدًا، وَإِنَّ عَمَّهُمَا أَخَذَ مَالَهُمَا وَلَا تُنْكَحَانِ إِلَّا وَلَهُمَا مَالٌ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "ارْجِعِي فَلَعَلَّ اللَّهَ سَيَقْضِي فِي ذَلِكَ"، فَنَزَلَ ﴿يُوصِيكُمُ اللَّهُ﴾ إِلَى آخِرِهَا، فَدَعَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَمَّهُمَا فَقَالَ لَهُ: "أَعْطِ ابْنَتَيْ سَعِدٍ الثُّلُثَيْنِ وَأَمَّهُمَا الثُّمُنُ وَمَا بَقِيَ فَهُوَ لَكَ" (٥) ، فَهَذَا أَوَّلُ مِيرَاثٍ قُسِّمَ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ.

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الفرائض، باب ميراث ابنة ابن مع ابنة: ١٢ / ١٧. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٨ / ٣٣٣. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في التفسير، تفسير سورة النساء، باب "يوصيكم الله في أولادكم" ٨ / ٢٤٣، ومسلم في الفرائض، باب ميراث الكلالة برقم (١٦١٦) : ٣ / ١٢٣٤. (٣) انظر أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (١٣٧ - ١٣٨) . (٤) ساقط من: (أ) . (٥) أخرجه أبو داود في الفرائض، باب ما جاء في الصلب: ٤ / ١٦٦ - ١٦٧، والترمذي في الفرائض، باب ما جاء في ميراث البنات: ٦ / ٢٦٧ - ٢٦٨ وقال: هذا حديث حسن صحيح، وابن ماجه في الفرائض، باب فرائض الصلب، برقم (٢٧٢٠) : ٢ / ٩٠٨) والحاكم في المستدرك: ٤ / ٣٣٤ وصححه على شرط الشيخين ووافقه الذهبي، وأخرجه الواحدي بسنده عن جابر، في أسباب النزول ص (١٣٩) .