Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/118)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“O you who believe, if you obey those who disbelieve, they will turn you back on your heels, and you will become losers. (149) Rather, Allah is your Protector, and He is the best of helpers. (150) We shall cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve because they associate with Allah that for which He has sent down no authority. Their refuge will be the Fire—what an evil abode for the wrongdoers! (151) Allah certainly fulfilled His promise to you when, by His permission, you were killing them, until you lost courage, disputed concerning the matter, and disobeyed after He had shown you what you loved. Among you were those who desired this world, and among you were those who desired the Hereafter. Then He turned you away from them in order to test you; yet He has pardoned you. And Allah is Most Bountiful to the believers. (152)”

Regarding His saying, “We shall cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve”: when Abu Sufyan and the idolaters departed on the day of Uhud, heading towards Makkah, they travelled on until they had covered part of the road. Then they regretted it and said, “What an evil thing we have done! We killed them until none but scattered fugitives remained, then we left them. Return and annihilate them!” But when they resolved upon this, Allah cast terror into their hearts, and they abandoned what they had intended.

“We shall cast”—that is, We shall throw into the hearts of those who disbelieve—“terror,” meaning fear. Abu Ja‘far, Ibn ‘Amir, al-Kisa’i, and Ya‘qub recited it as ru‘ub, with a dammah on the letter ‘ayn, while the others recited it with the ‘ayn unvowelled. “Because they associate with Allah that for which He has sent down no authority”: that is, no proof or evidence. “Their refuge will be the Fire—what an evil abode for the wrongdoers!”: that is, the dwelling-place of the disbelievers.

Regarding the saying of Allah Most High, “Allah certainly fulfilled His promise to you”: Muhammad ibn Ka‘b al-Qurazi said: “When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions returned to Madinah from Uhud, having suffered what they had suffered, some of his Companions said, ‘How did this happen to us, when Allah had promised us victory?’ Thereupon Allah Most High revealed:

“Allah certainly fulfilled His promise to you”—of help and victory. This was because help and victory belonged to the Muslims at the outset: “when, by His permission, you were killing them.” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, positioned Mount Uhud behind him and faced Madinah. He placed Mount Aynayn—which was a mountain to his left—and stationed the archers upon it, appointing Abdullah ibn Jubayr as their commander. He said to them, “Protect our rear. If you see that we have taken spoils, do not join us; and if you see that we are being killed, do not come to our aid.”

Then the idolaters advanced and began fighting. The archers shot the horses of the idolaters with arrows, while the Muslims struck them with swords, until they fled in retreat. This is the meaning of His saying, “when, by His permission, you were killing them”: that is, you were killing them in great numbers by Allah’s decree.

(1) In manuscript A: “and he said.”

﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ تُطِيعُوا الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يَرُدُّوكُمْ عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ فَتَنْقَلِبُوا خَاسِرِينَ (١٤٩) بَلِ اللَّهُ مَوْلَاكُمْ وَهُوَ خَيْرُ النَّاصِرِينَ (١٥٠) سَنُلْقِي فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا الرُّعْبَ بِمَا أَشْرَكُوا بِاللَّهِ مَا لَمْ يُنَزِّلْ بِهِ سُلْطَانًا وَمَأْوَاهُمُ النَّارُ وَبِئْسَ مَثْوَى الظَّالِمِينَ (١٥١) وَلَقَدْ صَدَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ إِذْ تَحُسُّونَهُمْ بِإِذْنِهِ حَتَّى إِذَا فَشِلْتُمْ وَتَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ وَعَصَيْتُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا أَرَاكُمْ مَا تُحِبُّونَ مِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الدُّنْيَا وَمِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الْآخِرَةَ ثُمَّ صَرَفَكُمْ عَنْهُمْ لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ وَلَقَدْ عَفَا عَنْكُمْ وَاللَّهُ ذُو فَضْلٍ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (١٥٢) ﴾ ﴿سَنُلْقِي فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا الرُّعْبَ﴾ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ لَمَّا ارْتَحَلُوا يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ مُتَوَجِّهِينَ نَحْوَ مَكَّةَ انْطَلَقُوا حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغُوا بَعْضَ الطَّرِيقِ نَدِمُوا وَقَالُوا: بِئْسَ مَا صَنَعْنَا قَتَلْنَاهُمْ حَتَّى إِذَا لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا الشَّرِيدُ تَرَكْنَاهُمُ، ارْجِعُوا فَاسْتَأْصِلُوهُمْ فَلَمَّا عَزَمُوا عَلَى ذَلِكَ قَذَفَ اللَّهُ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الرُّعْبَ حَتَّى رَجَعُوا عَمَّا هَمُّوا بِهِ. سَنُلْقِي أَيْ: سَنَقْذِفُ فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا الرُّعْبَ الْخَوْفَ وَقَرَأَ (١) أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ وَابْنُ عَامِرٍ وَالْكِسَائِيُّ وَيَعْقُوبُ ﴿الرُّعُبَ﴾ بِضَمِّ الْعَيْنِ وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِسُكُونِهَا، ﴿بِمَا أَشْرَكُوا بِاللَّهِمَا لَمْ يُنَزِّلْ بِهِ سُلْطَانًا﴾ حُجَّةً وَبُرْهَانًا، ﴿وَمَأْوَاهُمُ النَّارُ وَبِئْسَ مَثْوَى الظَّالِمِينَ﴾ مَقَامُ الْكَافِرِينَ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَلَقَدْ صَدَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ﴾ قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ الْقُرَظِيُّ: لَمَّا رَجَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابُهُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ مِنْ أُحُدٍ وَقَدْ أَصَابَهُمْ مَا أَصَابَهُمْ، قَالَ نَاسٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ: مِنْ أَيْنَ أَصَابَنَا هَذَا؟ وَقَدْ وَعَدَنَا اللَّهُ النَّصْرَ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَلَقَدْ صَدَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ﴾ بِالنَّصْرِ وَالظَّفَرِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ النَّصْرَ وَالظَّفَرَ كَانَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الِابْتِدَاءِ، ﴿إِذْ تَحُسُّونَهُمْ بِإِذْنِهِ﴾ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ جَعَلَ أُحُدًا خَلْفَ ظَهْرِهِ وَاسْتَقْبَلَ الْمَدِينَةَ وَجَعَلَ عَيْنَيْنَ، وَهُوَ جَبَلٌ عَنْ يَسَارِهِ وَأَقَامَ عَلَيْهِ الرُّمَاةَ وَأَمَّرَ عَلَيْهِمْ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ جُبَيْرٍ وَقَالَ لَهُمُ: احْمُوا ظُهُورَنَا فَإِنْ رَأَيْتُمُونَا قَدْ غَنِمْنَا فَلَا تَشْرَكُونَا وَإِنْ رَأَيْتُمُونَا نُقَتَّلُ فَلَا تَنْصُرُونَا، وَأَقْبَلَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ فَأَخَذُوا فِي الْقِتَالِ فَجَعَلَ الرُّمَاةُ يَرْشُقُونَ خَيْلَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِالنَّبْلِ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ يَضْرِبُونَهُمْ بِالسُّيُوفِ، حَتَّى وَلَّوْا هَارِبِينَ فَذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى ﴿إِذْ تَحُسُّونَهُمْ بِإِذْنِهِ﴾ أَيْ تَقْتُلُونَهُمْ قَتْلًا ذَرِيعًا بِقَضَاءِ اللَّهِ.

(١) في "أ": (وقال) .