Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/77)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“O you who believe, fear Allah as He ought to be feared, and do not die except as Muslims.” (102)

Regarding Allah’s words, Exalted is He, “O you who believe, fear Allah as He ought to be feared,” Muqatil ibn Hayyan said: “In the Age of Ignorance, there was hostility and fighting between the Aws and the Khazraj, until the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, emigrated to Madinah and reconciled them. Afterwards, two men—Thalabah ibn Ghanm of the Aws and As‘ad ibn Zurarah of the Khazraj—boasted of their respective tribes. The man of the Aws said, ‘Among us is Khuzaimah ibn Thabit, whose testimony was counted as two; among us is Hanzalah, whom the angels washed; among us is Asim ibn Thabit ibn Aflah, defender of the rear; and among us is Sa‘d ibn Mu‘adh, at whose death the Throne of the Most Merciful shook, and whose judgment concerning Banu Qurayzah Allah approved.’” (1)

The Khazrajite said, “Among us are four who mastered the Quran: Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, Mu‘adh ibn Jabal, Zayd ibn Thabit, and Abu Zayd. And among us is Sa‘d ibn Ubadah, the orator and chief of the Ansar.” Their conversation continued until they became angry, recited poetry, and boasted against one another. Then the Aws and the Khazraj came, armed with weapons. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, came to them, and Allah, Exalted is He, sent down this verse: “O you who believe, fear Allah as He ought to be feared.” (2)

Abd Allah ibn Mas‘ud and Ibn Abbas said: “It means that He is obeyed and not disobeyed.” Mujahid said: “That you strive in the cause of Allah as He deserves to be striven for; that no blame from any blamer deters you in Allah’s cause; and that you uphold justice for Allah, even against yourselves, your fathers, and your sons.” It is related from Anas that he said: “A servant does not fear Allah as He ought to be feared until he restrains his tongue.”

The exegetes said: When this verse was revealed, they found it burdensome and said, “O Messenger of Allah, who is capable of this?” Thereupon Allah, Exalted is He, revealed: “So fear Allah as much as you are able” (al-Taghabun 16). Thus, this verse was abrogated. Muqatil said: “There is nothing abrogated in Surah Al Imran other than this.” (3)

“And do not die except as Muslims,” meaning, as believers. It was also said: sincere, entrusting your affairs to Allah. Al-Fudayl said: having a good expectation of Allah.

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Abu Bakr al-Abdusi informed us; Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hamdun ibn Khalid ibn Yazid informed us; Sulayman ibn Sayf informed us; Wahb ibn Jarir informed us; Shu‘bah informed us, from al-A‘mash, from Mujahid, from Abd Allah ibn Abbas—may Allah be pleased with them both—who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “O people, fear Allah as He ought to be feared. If a drop of zaqqum—the food of Hell—were to fall upon the earth, it would embitter the livelihood of the people of this world. What then of one for whom it is his food, and who has no food other than it?” (4)

(1) Omitted from manuscript A. (2) See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul (Occasions of Revelation), p. 151. (3) See al-Tabari, 7:68-69. He mentions both views without favoring either of them. Shaykh Mahmud Shakir reports that al-Nahhas preferred the view that there is no abrogation; see his discussion. (4) Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, Sifat Jahannam (The Description of Hell), chapter on the description of the drink of the inhabitants of Hell, 7:307; he said: “A sound, authentic hadith.” Also narrated by Ibn Majah, al-Zuhd (Asceticism), chapter on the description of Hell, no. 4325, 2:1446; al-Hakim, al-Mustadrak, 2:294, who authenticated it according to the criteria of al-Bukhari and Muslim; Ibn Hibban, Mawarid al-Zam'an by al-Haythami, p. 649; Ahmad, al-Musnad, 1:301, 338; and the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 15:246. Al-Suyuti also attributed it to Ibn al-Mundhir, Ibn Abi Hatim, al-Tayalisi, al-Tabarani, and al-Bayhaqi in al-Ba'th wa al-Nushur (Resurrection and the Hereafter). See al-Durr al-Manthur, 2:284; Ibn Kathir, Tafsir, 1:389. Al-Albani authenticated it in his commentary on al-Mishkat, 3:1582.

﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِ وَلَا تَمُوتُنَّ إِلَّا وَأَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ (١٠٢) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِ﴾ قَالَ مُقَاتِلُ بْنُ حَيَّانَ: كَانَ بَيْنَ الْأَوْسِ وَالْخَزْرَجِ عَدَاوَةٌ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَقِتَالٌ حَتَّى هَاجَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَأَصْلَحَ بَيْنَهُمْ فَافْتَخَرَ بَعْدَهُ مِنْهُمْ رَجُلَانِ: ثَعْلَبَةُ بْنُ غَنْمٍ مِنَ الْأَوْسِ وَأَسْعَدُ بْنُ زُرَارَةَ مِنَ الْخَزْرَجِ، فَقَالَ الْأَوْسِيُّ: مِنَّا خُزَيْمَةُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ ذُو الشَّهَادَتَيْنِ، وَمِنَّا حَنْظَلَةُ غَسِيلُ الْمَلَائِكَةِ، وَمِنَّا عَاصِمُ بْنُ ثَابِتِ بْنِ أَفْلَحَ حَمِيُّ الدَّبْرِ، وَمِنَّا سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ الَّذِي اهْتَزَّ [لِمَوْتِهِ] (١) عَرْشُ الرَّحْمَنِ وَرَضِيَ اللَّهُ بِحُكْمِهِ فِي بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ. وَقَالَ الْخَزْرَجِيُّ: مِنَّا أَرْبَعَةٌ أَحْكَمُوا الْقُرْآنَ: أُبَيُّ بْنُ كَعْبٍ، وَمُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ، وَزَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ، وَأَبُو زَيْدٍ، وَمِنَّا سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ خَطِيبُ الْأَنْصَارِ وَرَئِيسُهُمْ، فَجَرَى الْحَدِيثُ بَيْنَهُمَا فَغَضِبَا وَأَنْشَدَا الْأَشْعَارَ وَتَفَاخَرَا، فَجَاءَ الْأَوْسُ وَالْخَزْرَجُ وَمَعَهُمُ السِّلَاحُ فَأَتَاهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِ﴾ (٢) . وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: هُوَ أَنْ يُطَاعَ فَلَا يُعْصَى، قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: أَنْ تُجَاهِدُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ حَقَّ جِهَادِهِ وَلَا تَأْخُذُكُمْ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةُ لَائِمٍ وَتَقُومُوا لِلَّهِ بِالْقِسْطِ وَلَوْ عَلَى أَنْفُسِكُمْ وَآبَائِكُمْ وَأَبْنَائِكُمْ. وَعَنْ أَنَسٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا يَتَّقِي اللَّهَ عَبْدٌ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِ حَتَّى يَخْزِنَ لِسَانَهُ. قَالَ أَهْلُ التَّفْسِيرِ: فَلَمَّا نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ شَقَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَقَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَمَنْ يَقْوَى عَلَى هَذَا؟ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: " فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُمْ " (التَّغَابُنِ ١٦) فَنُسِخَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: لَيْسَ فِي آلِ عِمْرَانَ مِنَ الْمَنْسُوخِ إِلَّا هَذَا. (٣) . ﴿وَلَا تَمُوتُنَّ إِلَّا وَأَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ﴾ أَيْ: مُؤْمِنُونَ، وَقِيلَ مُخْلِصُونَ مُفَوِّضُونَ أُمُورَكُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ ﷿ وَقَالَ الْفُضَيْلُ: مُحْسِنُونَ الظَّنَّ بِاللَّهِ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْعَبْدُوسِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ حَمْدُونَ بْنِ خَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ، أَخْبَرَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ سَيْفٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا وَهْبُ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، أَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِ فَلَوْ أَنَّ قَطْرَةً مِنَ الزَّقُّومِ قُطِرَتْ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ لَأَمَرَّتْ عَلَى أَهْلِ الدُّنْيَا مَعِيشَتَهُمْ، فَكَيْفَ بِمَنْ هُوَ طَعَامُهُ وَلَيْسَ لَهُ طَعَامٌ غَيْرُهُ"؟ (٤) .

(١) ساقط من: "أ". (٢) انظر: أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (١٥١) . (٣) انظر الطبري: ٧ / ٦٨ - ٦٩ فقد ذكر الرأيين ولم يرجح أحدهما ونقل الشيخ محمود شاكر عن النحاس أنه رجح القول بعدم النسخ فراجعه. (٤) أخرجه الترمذي في صفة جهنم باب ما جاء في صفة شراب أهل النار: ٧ / ٣٠٧، وقال: حديث حسن صحيح، وابن ماجه في الزهد باب صفة النار برقم (٤٣٢٥) ٢ / ١٤٤٦، والحاكم في المستدرك: ٢ / ٢٩٤ وصححه على شرط الشيخين وابن حبان في موارد الظمآن للهيثمي ص ٦٤٩، والإمام أحمد في المسند: ١ / ٣٠١، ٣٣٨، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٥ / ٢٤٦. وعزاه السيوطي أيضا: لابن المنذر وابن أبي حاتم والطيالسي والطبراني والبيهقي في البعث والنشور. . . انظر: الدر المنثور: ٢ / ٢٨٤. وانظر تفسير ابن كثير: ١ / ٣٨٩. وصححه الألباني في تعليقه على المشكاة: ٣ / ١٥٨٢.