Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/73)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

ibn Umar, and I heard him say: A man asked the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, “What is Hajj?” He replied, “To be dishevelled and dust-covered.” Another man rose and asked, “O Messenger of Allah, which Hajj is best?” He replied, “Raising one’s voice in the talbiyah and shedding sacrificial blood.” Then another man rose and asked, “O Messenger of Allah, what constitutes the means?” He replied, “Provision and a mount.” (1)

Its details are that one must possess a mount suitable for someone in his condition, and have provisions for the journey there and back, beyond the maintenance and clothing of his dependants and of those whose maintenance and clothing he is obliged to provide for throughout his journey, and beyond any debt he owes. He must also find a travelling party departing at the time when the people of his town customarily set out. If they depart before that time, or delay their departure until a time at which they cannot arrive unless they travel more than one stage each day, then he is not required to set out at that time. (2) It is also stipulated that the route be safe. If there is fear of a Muslim or non-Muslim enemy, or of someone lying in wait to demand something that is not due from him, then it is not required of him. It is further stipulated that the inhabited stopping places be populated, so that he can find provisions and water there. If it is a time of drought, such that their inhabitants have dispersed or their waters have dried up, then it is not required of him. If he cannot find a mount but is able to walk, or cannot find provisions but can earn along the way, Hajj is not obligatory for him, though it is recommended for him to undertake it. Malik held that it is obligatory.

As for ability through another, it is when a man is personally incapable, such as one who is chronically disabled or afflicted by an illness from which recovery is not expected, but has sufficient wealth to hire someone to perform Hajj on his behalf. In that case, he must hire someone. Or, if he has no wealth, but his child or an unrelated person volunteers to perform Hajj on his behalf, he must instruct him to do so, provided he trusts his sincerity. This is because the obligation of Hajj is connected to ability. (3) In customary usage, it is said, “So-and-so is able to build a house,” even though he does not build it himself, but rather does so through his wealth or his helpers.

According to Abu Hanifah, Hajj does not become obligatory merely because someone volunteers to perform it on one’s behalf. According to Malik, a severely disabled person is not required to pay for it from his wealth.

The proof of those who deem it obligatory is what Abu al-Hasan al-Sarakhsi informed us: Zahir ibn Ahmad informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Hashimi informed us; Abu Mus‘ab informed us, from Malik, from Ibn Shihab, from Sulayman ibn Yasar, from Abd Allah ibn Abbas, who said: Al-Fadl ibn Abbas was riding behind the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, when a woman from Khath‘am came to seek his legal ruling. Al-Fadl began looking at her, and she at him, so the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, kept turning al-Fadl’s face to the other side. She said, “O Messenger of Allah, the obligation of

(1) Reported by al-Tirmidhi in Tafsir, commentary on Surah Al Imran, 8:348. He said: “We know this hadith only through the narration of Ibrahim ibn Yazid al-Khawzi al-Makki. Some scholars have criticized Ibrahim ibn Yazid on account of his memory.” Also reported by al-Shafii in Tartib al-Musnad, 1:284; by Ibn Majah in Manasik, chapter: “What Makes Hajj Obligatory,” no. 2896, 2:967; by al-Daraqutni in al-Sunan, 2:217; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 7:14. Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar said in Talkhis al-Habir, 2:221: “All of its chains are weak. Abd al-Haqq said that all of its chains are weak, and Abu Bakr Ibn al-Mundhir said: ‘No hadith concerning this is established with a connected chain; the sound version is al-Hasan’s mursal narration [a report with a missing link].’” (2) Omitted in A. (3) In A: “suspended.”

ابْنِ عُمَرَ فَسَمِعْتُهُ يَقُولُ: سَأَلَ رَجُلٌ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ: مَا الْحَاجُّ؟ قَالَ: "الشَّعِثُ التَّفِلُ" فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ آخَرُ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ: أَيُّ الْحَجِّ أَفْضَلُ؟ قَالَ: "الْعَجُّ وَالثَّجُّ" فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ آخَرُ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا السَّبِيلُ؟ قَالَ: "زَادٌ وَرَاحِلَةٌ" (١) . وَتَفْصِيلُهُ: أَنْ يَجِدَ رَاحِلَةً تَصْلُحُ لِمِثْلِهِ، وَوَجَدَ الزَّادَ لِلذَّهَابِ وَالرُّجُوعِ، فَاضِلًا عَنْ نَفَقَةِ عِيَالِهِ وَمَنْ تَلْزَمُهُ نَفَقَتُهُمْ وَكُسْوَتُهُمْ لِذَهَابِهِ وَرُجُوعِهِ، وَعَنْ دَيْنٍ يَكُونُ عَلَيْهِ، وَوَجَدَ رُفْقَةً يَخْرُجُونَ فِي وَقْتٍ جَرَتْ عَادَةُ أَهْلِ بَلَدِهِ بِالْخُرُوجِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ، فَإِنْ خَرَجُوا قَبْلَهُ أَوْ أَخَّرُوا الْخُرُوجَ إِلَى وَقْتٍ لَا يَصِلُونَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقْطَعُوا كُلَّ يَوْمِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مَرْحَلَةٍ لَا يَلْزَمُهُمُ الْخُرُوجُ [فِي ذَلِكَ الْوَقْتِ] (٢) وَيُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الطَّرِيقُ آمِنًا فَإِنْ كَانَ فِيهِ خَوْفٌ مِنْ عَدُوٍّ مُسْلِمٍ أَوْ كَافِرٍ أَوْ رَصْدِيٍّ يَطْلُبُ شَيْئًا لَا يَلْزَمُهُ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ تَكُونَ الْمَنَازِلُ الْمَأْهُولَةُ مَعْمُورَةً يَجِدُ فِيهَا الزَّادَ وَالْمَاءَ، فَإِنْ كَانَ زَمَانُ جُدُوبَةٍ تَفَرَّقَ أَهْلُهَا أَوْ غَارَتْ مِيَاهُهَا فَلَا يَلْزَمُهُ، وَلَوْ لَمْ يَجِدِ الرَّاحِلَةَ لَكِنَّهُ قَادِرٌ عَلَى الْمَشْيِ، أَوْ لَمْ يَجِدِ الزَّادَ وَلَكِنْ يُمْكِنُهُ أَنْ يَكْتَسِبَ فِي الطَّرِيقِ لَا يَلْزَمُهُ الْحَجُّ، وَيُسْتَحَبُّ لَوْ فَعَلَ، وَعِنْدَ مَالِكٍ يَلْزَمُهُ. أَمَّا الِاسْتِطَاعَةُ بِالْغَيْرِ هُوَ: أَنْ يَكُونَ الرَّجُلُ عَاجِزًا بِنَفْسِهِ، بِأَنْ كَانَ زَمِنًا أَوْ بِهِ مَرَضٌ غَيْرُ مَرْجُوِّ الزَّوَالِ، لَكِنْ لَهُ مَالٌ يُمَكِنُهُ أَنْ يَسْتَأْجِرَ مَنْ يَحُجُّ عَنْهُ، يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَسْتَأْجِرَ، أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ لَكِنْ بَذَلَ لَهُ وَلَدُهُ أَوْ أَجْنَبِيٌّ الطَّاعَةَ فِي أَنْ يَحُجَّ عَنْهُ، يَلْزَمُهُ أَنْ يَأْمُرَهُ إِذَا كَانَ يَعْتَمِدُ صِدْقَهُ، لِأَنَّ وُجُوبَ الْحَجِّ [يَتَعَلَّقُ] (٣) بِالِاسْتِطَاعَةِ، وَيُقَالُ فِي الْعُرْفِ: فُلَانٌ مُسْتَطِيعٌ لِبِنَاءِ دَارٍ وَإِنْ كَانَ لَا يَفْعَلُهُ بِنَفْسِهِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَفْعَلُهُ بِمَالِهِ أَوْ بِأَعْوَانِهِ. وَعِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ لَا يَجِبُ الْحَجُّ بِبَذْلِ الطَّاعَةِ، وَعِنْدَ مَالِكٍ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَى الْمَعْضُوبِ فِي الْمَالِ. وَحُجَّةُ مَنْ أَوْجَبَهُ مَا أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا زَاهِرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الْهَاشِمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ عَنْ مَالِكٍ عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: كَانَ الْفَضْلُ بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ رَدِيفَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَجَاءَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ خَثْعَمَ تَسْتَفْتِيهِ، فَجَعَلَ الْفَضْلُ يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْهَا وَتَنْظُرُ إِلَيْهِ، فَجَعَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَصْرِفُ وَجْهَ الْفَضْلِ إِلَى الشِّقِّ الْآخَرِ، فَقَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ فَرِيضَةَ

(١) أخرجه الترمذي في التفسير تفسير سورة آل عمران: ٨ / ٣٤٨، وقال: هذا حديث لا نعرفه إلا من حديث إبراهيم بن يزيد الخوزي المكي وقد تكلم بعض أهل العلم في إبراهيم بن يزيد من قبل حفظه. والشافعي في ترتيب المسند: ١ / ٢٨٤. وأخرجه ابن ماجه في المناسك باب ما يوجب الحج برقم (٢٨٩٦) : ٢ / ٩٦٧ والدارقطني في السنن: ٢ / ٢١٧ والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٧ / ١٤. قال الحافظ ابن حجر في تلخيص الحبير: ٢ / ٢٢١: "وطرقه كلها ضعيفة، وقد قال عبد الحق: إن طرقه كلها ضعيفة، وقال أبو بكر ابن المنذر: لا يثبت الحديث في ذلك مسندا والصحيح من الروايات رواية الحسن مرسلة". (٢) ساقط من: أ. (٣) في أ: "معلق".