Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/57)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; Qabisah ibn Uqbah informed us; Sufyan informed us, from al-A‘mash, from Abd Allah ibn Murrah, from Masruq, from Abd Allah ibn Umar, that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “There are four traits: whoever possesses them is an utter hypocrite; and whoever possesses one of them possesses a trait of hypocrisy until he abandons it: when entrusted, he betrays; when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a covenant, he breaks it; and when he disputes, he behaves wickedly.” (1)

“Indeed, those who trade Allah’s covenant and their oaths for a paltry price will have no share in the Hereafter. Allah will neither speak to them nor look upon them on the Day of Resurrection, nor will He purify them; and theirs will be a painful punishment.” (77)

Concerning His saying, “Indeed, those who trade Allah’s covenant and their oaths for a paltry price,” Ikrimah said: It was revealed concerning the leaders of the Jews. They concealed what Allah had bound them to in the Torah concerning Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him; they altered it, wrote something else with their own hands, and swore that it was from Allah, lest they lose the material gains and bribes they received from their followers.

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; Musa ibn Isma‘il informed us; Abu Awanah informed us, from al-A‘mash, from Abu Wa’il, from Abd Allah, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Whoever swears a judicially imposed oath by which he appropriates the property of a Muslim will meet Allah on the Day of Resurrection while He is angry with him.” Allah Most High then revealed, confirming this: “Indeed, those who trade Allah’s covenant and their oaths for a paltry price,” to the end of the verse.

Then al-Ash‘ath ibn Qays entered and said, “What is Abu Abd al-Rahman narrating to you?” They replied, “Such-and-such.” He said, “It was revealed concerning me. I had a well on land belonging to a cousin of mine, so I came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and told him about it. He said, ‘Produce your evidence, or he must take an oath.’ I said, ‘Then he will swear to it, O Messenger of Allah!’ The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: ‘Whoever swears a judicially imposed oath while lying in it, by which he appropriates the property of a Muslim, will meet Allah on the Day of Resurrection while He is angry with him.’” (2)

Isma‘il ibn Abd al-Qahir informed us; Abd al-Ghafir ibn Muhammad al-Farisi informed us; Muhammad ibn Isa al-Juludi informed us; Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Sufyan informed us; Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj informed us; Qutaybah ibn Sa‘id informed us; Abu al-Ahwas informed us, from Simak ibn Harb, from Alqamah ibn Wa’il ibn Hujr, from his father, who said: A man from Hadramawt and a man from Kindah came to the Prophet, and the man from Hadramawt said:

(1) Reported by al-Bukhari in Kitab al-Iman (Faith), chapter: “The Sign of a Hypocrite,” 1:89; and in Kitab al-Mazalim (Wrongs and Oppressions), chapter: “And when he disputes, he behaves wickedly,” 5:107; and by Muslim in Kitab al-Iman, chapter: “Clarification of the Traits of a Hypocrite,” no. 106, 1:78. Also cited in Sharh al-Sunnah, 1:74. (2) Reported by al-Bukhari in Kitab al-Ayman wa al-Nudhur (Oaths and Vows), chapter on Allah’s statement: “Indeed, those who exchange Allah’s covenant and their oaths for a small price,” 11:558 and 11:544, with the wording: “Whoever swears a false oath”; as well as in the Tafsir, under the interpretation of Surat al-Baqarah, and in Kitab al-Ahkam (Legal Rulings). It was also reported by Muslim in Kitab al-Iman, chapter: “The Warning that One Who Unjustly Takes a Muslim’s Right by a Sinful Oath Will Enter the Fire,” no. 220, 1:112; and cited in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:99.

أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا قَبِيصَةُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ، أَنَا سُفْيَانُ عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مُرَّةَ عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: " أَرْبَعٌ مَنْ كُنَّ فِيهِ كَانَ مُنَافِقًا خَالِصًا وَمَنْ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَصْلَةٌ مِنْهُنَّ كَانَتْ فِيهِ خَصْلَةٌ مِنَ النِّفَاقِ حَتَّى يَدَعَهَا: إِذَا ائْتُمِنَ خَانَ، وَإِذَا حَدَّثَ كَذَبَ، وَإِذَا عَاهَدَ غَدَرَ، وَإِذَا خَاصَمَ فَجَرَ" (١) . ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَشْتَرُونَ بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَيْمَانِهِمْ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا أُولَئِكَ لَا خَلَاقَ لَهُمْ فِي الْآخِرَةِ وَلَا يُكَلِّمُهُمُ اللَّهُ وَلَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَيْهِمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَلَا يُزَكِّيهِمْ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ (٧٧) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَشْتَرُونَ بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَيْمَانِهِمْ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا﴾ قَالَ عِكْرِمَةُ: نَزَلَتْ فِي رُؤُوسِ الْيَهُودِ، كَتَمُوا مَا عَهِدَ اللَّهَ إِلَيْهِمْ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ فِي شَأْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ وَبَدَّلُوهُ وَكَتَبُوا بِأَيْدِيهِمْ غَيْرَهُ وَحَلَفُوا أَنَّهُ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ لِئَلَّا يَفُوتَهُمُ الْمَآكِلُ وَالرِّشَا الَّتِي كَانَتْ لَهُمْ مِنْ أَتْبَاعِهِمْ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُلَيْحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَنَا أَبُو عَوَانَةَ عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ عَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "مَنْ حَلَفَ عَلَى يَمِينِ صَبْرٍ يَقْتَطِعُ بِهَا مَالَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ لَقِيَ اللَّهَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَهُوَ عَلَيْهِ غَضْبَانُ" فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى تَصْدِيقَ ذَلِكَ ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَشْتَرُونَ بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَيْمَانِهِمْ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا﴾ إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ، فَدَخَلَ الْأَشْعَثُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ فَقَالَ: مَا يُحَدِّثُكُمْ أَبُو عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ؟ فَقَالُوا: كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَقَالَ: فِيَّ أُنْزِلَتْ كَانَتْ لِي بِئْرٌ فِي أَرْضِ ابْنِ عَمٍّ لِي فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَحَدَّثْتُهُ فَقَالَ: "هَاتِ بَيِّنَتَكَ أَوْ يَمِينَهُ " قُلْتُ: إِذًا يَحْلِفُ عَلَيْهَا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "مَنْ حَلَفَ عَلَى يَمِينِ صَبْرٍ وَهُوَ فِيهَا فَاجِرٌ يَقْتَطِعُ بِهَا مَالَ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ لَقِيَ اللَّهَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَهُوَ عَلَيْهِ غَضْبَانُ" (٢) . أَخْبَرَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْقَاهِرِ أَنَا عَبْدُ الْغَافِرِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْفَارِسِيُّ أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عِيسَى الْجُلُودِيُّ، أَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سُفْيَانَ أَنَا مُسْلِمُ بْنُ الْحَجَّاجِ أَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ أَنَا أَبُو الْأَحْوَصِ عَنْ سِمَاكِ بْنِ حَرْبٍ عَنْ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ وَائِلِ بْنِ حُجْرٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ حَضْرَمَوْتَ وَرَجُلٌ مِنْ كِنْدَةَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ، فَقَالَ

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الإيمان باب علامة المنافق: ١ / ٨٩ وفي المظالم باب وإذا خاصم فجر: ٥ / ١٠٧، ومسلم في الإيمان باب بيان خصال المنافق برقم (١٠٦) : ١ / ٧٨. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١ / ٧٤. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في الأيمان والنذور باب قول الله: "إن الذين يشترون بعهد الله وأيمانهم ثمنا قليلا": ١١ / ٥٥٨ و١١ / ٥٤٤ بلفظ "من حلف على يمين كاذبة" وفي التفسير في تفسير سورة البقرة، وفي الإحكام، ومسلم في الإيمان باب وعيد من اقتطع حق مسلم بيمين فاجرة بالنار برقم (٢٢٠) : ١ / ١١٢ والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ٩٩.