Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (2/13)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

When this verse was revealed, the Prophet said to them on the day of Badr: “Allah will overcome you and gather you into Hell.” (1)

Some said that what is meant by this verse is the Jews. Al-Kalbi narrated from Abu Salih, from Ibn ʿAbbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that when the Messenger of Allah defeated the polytheists on the day of Badr, the Jews of Medina said: “By Allah, this is the Prophet of whom Moses gave us glad tidings; his banner is never turned back.” They intended to follow him, but then some of them said to the others: “Do not be hasty until you see another battle.” When the day of Uhud came and the Companions of the Messenger of Allah suffered a setback, they began to doubt, and wretchedness overcame them; 54/a so they did not embrace Islam. There had been a treaty between them and the Messenger of Allah for a specified period, but they broke that treaty. Kaʿb ibn al-Ashraf then set out for Mecca with sixty riders to incite them. They resolved to fight the Messenger of Allah, so Allah Most High sent down this verse concerning them.

Muhammad ibn Ishaq narrated from his transmitters—and Saʿid ibn Jubayr and ʿIkrimah also narrated it from Ibn ʿAbbas, may Allah be pleased with him—that when the Messenger of Allah struck Quraysh at Badr and returned to Medina, he assembled the Jews in the market of Banu Qaynuqaʿ and said: “O assembly of Jews, fear Allah, lest there befall you the like of what befell Quraysh on the day of Badr. Embrace Islam before there befalls you the like of what befell them. You know that I am a Prophet sent by Allah; you find this in your Book.” They said: “O Muhammad, do not let your encounter with an inexperienced people, who knew nothing of warfare, and your seizing an opportunity against them deceive you. By Allah, if we were to fight you, you would know that we are the people to be reckoned with.” Then Allah Most High sent down: “Say to those who disbelieve: ‘You will be defeated’”—that is, vanquished—“and gathered in the Hereafter into Hell. What an evil resting place!” (2) The word translated “resting place” means “bed”; that is, evil indeed is what has been prepared as a bed for them: the Fire.

“There was certainly a sign for you in the two armies that met: one fighting in the cause of Allah, and the other disbelieving. They saw them with their own eyes as twice their number. Allah strengthens whom He wills with His help. Surely in that is a lesson for people of insight.” (13)

Regarding His words, “There was certainly a sign for you”: He did not say, “There was certainly,” using the feminine form, although “sign” is feminine, because He referred it to the meaning of “an indication”; that is, there was for you an indication. Thus, the meaning rather than the grammatical form was considered.

Al-Farra’ said: The verb was made masculine because the qualifying expression intervened between the verb and the feminine noun. This is the basis for every similar instance. Thus, the meaning of the verse is: there was for you a sign—that is, a lesson and proof of the truth of what I say: that you will be defeated. “In two armies”: two groups. The term derives from the word for returning in war, because the members of each group return to one another. “That met”: on the day of Badr. “One fighting in the cause of Allah”: in obedience to Allah; they were the Messenger of Allah and his Companions. They numbered three hundred and thirteen men: seven

(1) Reported by Ibn Hisham in Al-Sirah, from Ibn Ishaq, 2:120; and by al-Tabari in Al-Tafsir, 6:227, and in Al-Tarikh, 2:479. (2) Reported by Ibn Hisham in Al-Sirah, from Ibn Ishaq, 2:120; and by al-Tabari in Al-Tafsir, 6:227, and in Al-Tarikh, 2:479.

فَلَمَّا نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ قَالَ لَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ "إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَالِبُكُمْ وَحَاشِرُكُمْ إِلَى جَهَنَّمَ" (١) . وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمُ الْمُرَادُ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ: الْيَهُودُ، وَقَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي صَالِحٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: إِنَّ يَهُودَ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ قَالُوا لَمَّا هَزَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمُشْرِكِينَ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ: هَذَا -وَاللَّهِ -النَّبِيُّ الَّذِي بَشَّرَنَا بِهِ مُوسَى لَا تُرَدُّ لَهُ رَايَةٌ، وَأَرَادُوا اتِّبَاعَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ: لَا تَعْجَلُوا حَتَّى تَنْظُرُوا إِلَى وَقْعَةٍ أُخْرَى، فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ أُحُدٍ وَنُكِبَ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ شَكُّوا فَغَلَبَ عليهم الشقاء، ٥٤/أفَلَمْ يُسْلِمُوا، وَقَدْ كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَهْدٌ إِلَى مُدَّةٍ فَنَقَضُوا ذَلِكَ الْعَهْدَ وَانْطَلَقَ كَعْبُ بْنُ الْأَشْرَفِ فِي سِتِّينَ رَاكِبًا إِلَى مَكَّةَ لِيَسْتَفِزَّهُمْ، فَأَجْمَعُوا أَمْرَهُمْ عَلَى قِتَالِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِيهِمْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ رِجَالِهِ وَرَوَاهُ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ وَعِكْرِمَةُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ أَيْضًا: أَنَّهُ لَمَّا أَصَابَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قُرَيْشًا بِبَدْرٍ وَرَجَعَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ جَمَعَ الْيَهُودَ فِي سُوقِ بَنِي قَيْنُقَاعَ وَقَالَ: "يَا مَعْشَرَ الْيَهُودِ احْذَرُوا مِنَ اللَّهِ مِثْلَ مَا نَزَلَ بِقُرَيْشٍ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ وَأَسْلِمُوا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَنْزِلَ بِكُمْ مِثْلُ مَا نَزَلَ بِهِمْ فَقَدْ عَرَفْتُمْ أَنِّي نَبِيٌّ مُرْسَلٌ تَجِدُونَ ذَلِكَ فِي كِتَابِكُمْ" فَقَالُوا: يَا مُحَمَّدُ لَا يَغُرَّنَّكَ أَنَّكَ لَقِيتَ قَوْمًا أَغْمَارًا لَا عِلْمَ لَهُمْ بِالْحَرْبِ فَأَصَبْتَ مِنْهُمْ فُرْصَةً وَإِنَّا وَاللَّهِ لَوْ قَاتَلْنَاكَ لَعَرَفْتَ أَنَّا نَحْنُ النَّاسُ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى ﴿قُلْ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَتُغْلَبُونَ﴾ (٢) تُهْزَمُونَ ﴿وَتُحْشَرُونَ﴾ فِي الْآخِرَةِ ﴿إِلَى جَهَنَّمَ﴾ ﴿وَبِئْسَ الْمِهَادُ﴾ الْفِرَاشُ، أَيْ بِئْسَ مَا مُهِّدَ لَهُمْ يَعْنِي النَّارَ. ﴿قَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ آيَةٌ فِي فِئَتَيْنِ الْتَقَتَا فِئَةٌ تُقَاتِلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَأُخْرَى كَافِرَةٌ يَرَوْنَهُمْ مِثْلَيْهِمْ رَأْيَ الْعَيْنِ وَاللَّهُ يُؤَيِّدُ بِنَصْرِهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَعِبْرَةً لِأُولِي الْأَبْصَارِ (١٣) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿قَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ آيَةٌ﴾ وَلَمْ يَقُلْ قَدْ كَانَتْ لَكُمْ، وَالْآيَةُ مُؤَنَّثَةٌ لِأَنَّهُ رَدَّهَا إِلَى الْبَيَانِ أَيْ قَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ بَيَانٌ، فَذَهَبَ إِلَى الْمَعْنَى. وَقَالَ الْفَرَّاءُ: إِنَّمَا ذُكِّرَ لِأَنَّهُ حَالَتِ الصِّفَةُ بَيْنَ الْفِعْلِ وَالِاسْمِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ، فَذُكِّرَ الْفِعْلُ وَكُلُّ مَا جَاءَ مِنْ هَذَا النَّحْوِ فَهَذَا وَجْهُهُ، فَمَعْنَى الْآيَةِ: قَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ آيَةٌ أَيْ عِبْرَةٌ وَدَلَالَةٌ عَلَى صِدْقِ مَا أَقُولُ إِنَّكُمْ سَتَغْلِبُونَ. ﴿فِي فِئَتَيْنِ﴾ فِرْقَتَيْنِ وَأَصْلُهَا فَيْءُ الْحَرْبِ لِأَنَّ بَعْضَهُمْ يَفِيءُ إِلَى بَعْضٍ ﴿الْتَقَتَا﴾ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ ﴿فِئَةٌ تُقَاتِلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ﴾ طَاعَةِ اللَّهِ وَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، وَكَانُوا ثَلَاثَمِائَةٍ وَثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ رَجُلًا سَبْعَةٌ

(١) أخرجه ابن هشام في السيرة عن ابن إسحاق: ٢ / ١٢٠ والطبري في التفسير: ٦ / ٢٢٧ وفي التاريخ: ٢ / ٤٧٩. (٢) أخرجه ابن هشام في السيرة عن ابن إسحاق: ٢ / ١٢٠ والطبري في التفسير: ٦ / ٢٢٧ وفي التاريخ: ٢ / ٤٧٩.