Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/344)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

and its two witnesses, and he said, “They are all alike.” (1)

Abu Sa‘id al-Shurayhi informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Tha‘labi informed us; Abu Muhammad al-Makhladi informed us; Abu Hamid ibn al-Sharqi informed us; Ahmad ibn Yusuf al-Sulami informed us; al-Nadr ibn Muhammad informed us; ‘Ikrimah ibn ‘Ammar informed us; Yahya—namely, Ibn Abi Kathir—informed us, saying: Abu Salamah related to me from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, 50/a: “Ribā has seventy branches; the least serious of them before Allah is like a man who has intercourse with his mother.” (2)

His saying, Exalted is He, “Allah obliterates ribā,” means that He diminishes it, destroys it, and removes its blessing. Al-Dahhak related from Ibn ‘Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them, concerning “Allah obliterates ribā”: that is, He accepts from its consumer neither charity, nor jihad, nor pilgrimage, nor the maintaining of kinship ties. “And He causes charities to grow” means that He makes them fruitful and blesses them in this world, and multiplies through them reward and recompense in the Hereafter. “And Allah does not love any ungrateful sinner”: one who rejects the prohibition of ribā and is wicked through consuming it.

“O you who believe, fear Allah and give up what remains of ribā, if you are believers. And if you do not, then be warned of war from Allah and His Messenger. But if you repent, you may keep your principal; neither shall you wrong nor be wronged. And if the debtor is in hardship, then grant him respite until ease. But if you remit it as charity, that is better for you, if only you knew. And fear a Day when you will be returned to Allah. Then every soul will be paid in full for what it has earned, and they will not be wronged.”

His saying, Exalted is He, “O you who believe, fear Allah and give up what remains of ribā”: ‘Ata’ and ‘Ikrimah said: It was revealed concerning al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, may Allah be pleased with them. They had made advance payments for dates. When the time of harvest came, the owner of the dates said to them, “If you take your due in full, I will have nothing left sufficient for my dependents. So would you take half and defer half, and I will double it for you?” They did so. Then, when the term fell due, they demanded the increase. This reached the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and he forbade them from doing so. Thereupon Allah, Exalted is He, revealed this verse; so they listened and obeyed, and took their principals. (3)

Al-Suddi said: It was revealed concerning al-‘Abbas and Khalid ibn al-Walid, who had been partners in the Age of Ignorance. They used to lend at interest to Banu ‘Amr ibn ‘Umayr, a clan of Thaqif. Then Islam came, while they had great sums outstanding in ribā. So Allah, Exalted is He, revealed this verse. At the Farewell Pilgrimage, in his sermon on the Day of ‘Arafah, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Indeed, every matter of the Age of Ignorance is laid beneath my feet and abolished. The blood claims of the Age of Ignorance are abolished, and the first blood claim from among our blood claims that I abolish is that of Ibn Rabi‘ah ibn al-Harith. He had been nursed among Banu Sa‘d, and Hudhayl killed him. All ribā of the Age of Ignorance is abolished, and the first ribā that I abolish is the ribā of al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, for it is”

(1) Reported by Muslim in Kitab al-Musaqat, chapter: The curse upon the consumer of usury and the one who pays it, no. 1598, 3:1218; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 8:54. (2) Reported by Ibn Majah in Kitab al-Tijarat, chapter: The stern warning concerning usury, 1:764. Al-Zawaid states: “Its chain of transmission contains Najih ibn Abd al-Rahman Abu Mashar, whose weakness is unanimously acknowledged.” Ibn Hajar said: “Najih ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Sindi, with a kasrah on the sin and a sukun on the nun, al-Madani, Abu Mashar, a client of Banu Hashim, well known by his kunyah, is weak and belongs to the sixth generation. He grew old and became confused; he died in 170 AH. It is also said that his name was Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Walid ibn Hilal.” See Taqrib. See also Fayd al-Qadir, 4:51, and Kashf al-Khafa, 1:508, where it is attributed to al-Hakim and al-Tabarani. (3) Al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 87.

وَشَاهِدَيْهِ، وَقَالَ: "هُمْ سَوَاءٌ" (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الشُّرَيْحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الثَّعْلَبِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْمَخْلَدِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو حَامِدِ بْنُ الشَّرْقِيِّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ السُّلَمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا النَّضْرُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا عِكْرِمَةُ بْنُ عَمَّارٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا يَحْيَى هُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي كَثِيرٍ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رسول الله ﷺ ٥٠/أ "الرِّبَا سَبْعُونَ بَابًا أَهْوَنُهَا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ ﷿ كَالَّذِي يَنْكِحُ أُمَّهُ" (٢) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى ﴿يَمْحَقُ اللَّهُ الرِّبَا﴾ أَيْ يَنْقُصُهُ وَيُهْلِكُهُ وَيَذْهَبُ بِبَرَكَتِهِ، وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ ﴿يَمْحَقُ اللَّهُ الرِّبَا﴾ يَعْنِي لَا يَقْبَلُ مِنْهُ صَدَقَةً وَلَا جِهَادًا وَلَا حَجَّةً وَلَا صِلَةً ﴿وَيُرْبِي الصَّدَقَاتِ﴾ أَيْ يُثَمِّرُهَا وَيُبَارِكُ فِيهَا فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَيُضَاعِفُ بِهَا الْأَجْرَ وَالثَّوَابَ فِي الْعُقْبَى ﴿وَاللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ كُلَّ كَفَّارٍ﴾ بِتَحْرِيمِ الرِّبَا ﴿أَثِيمٍ﴾ فَاجِرٍ بِأَكْلِهِ. ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَذَرُوا مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الرِّبَا إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ (٢٧٨) فَإِنْ لَمْ تَفْعَلُوا فَأْذَنُوا بِحَرْبٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَإِنْ تُبْتُمْ فَلَكُمْ رُءُوسُ أَمْوَالِكُمْ لَا تُظْلَمُونَ وَلَا تُظْلَمُونَ (٢٧٩) وَإِنْ كَانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍ فَنَظِرَةٌ إِلَى مَيْسَرَةٍ وَأَنْ تَصَدَّقُوا خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ (٢٨٠) وَاتَّقُوا يَوْمًا تُرْجَعُونَ فِيهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ تُوَفَّى كُلُّ نَفْسٍ مَا كَسَبَتْ وَهُمْ لَا يُظْلَمُونَ (٢٨١) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَذَرُوا مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الرِّبَا﴾ قَالَ عَطَاءٌ وَعِكْرِمَةُ: نَزَلَتْ فِي الْعَبَّاسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ وَعُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ ﵄ وَكَانَا قَدْ أَسْلَفَا فِي التَّمْرِ فَلَمَّا حَضَرَ الْجُذَاذُ قَالَ لَهُمَا صَاحِبُ التَّمْرِ: إِنْ أَنْتُمَا أَخَذْتُمَا حَقَّكُمَا لَا يَبْقَى لِي مَا يَكْفِي عِيَالِي فَهَلْ لَكُمَا أَنْ تَأْخُذَا النِّصْفَ وَتُؤَخِّرَا النِّصْفَ وَأُضْعِفُ لَكُمَا؟ فَفَعَلَا فَلَمَّا حَلَّ الْأَجَلُ طَلَبَا الزِّيَادَةَ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَنَهَاهُمَا فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ فَسَمِعَا وَأَطَاعَا وَأَخَذَا رُءُوسَ أَمْوَالِهِمَا (٣) . وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: نَزَلَتْ فِي الْعَبَّاسِ وَخَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ وَكَانَا شَرِيكَيْنِ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ يُسْلِفَانِ فِي الرِّبَا إِلَى بَنِي عَمْرِو بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ، نَاسٍ مِنْ ثَقِيفٍ، فَجَاءَ الْإِسْلَامُ وَلَهُمَا أَمْوَالٌ عَظِيمَةٌ فِي الرِّبَا فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ يَوْمَ عَرَفَةَ "أَلَا كُلُّ شَيْءٍ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ تَحْتَ قَدَمِي مَوْضُوعٌ، وَدِمَاءُ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ مَوْضُوعَةٌ وَإِنَّ أَوَّلَ دَمٍ أَضَعُ مِنْ دِمَائِنَا دَمُ ابْنِ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ، كَانَ مُسْتَرْضَعًا فِي بَنِي سَعْدٍ فَقَتَلَهُ هُذَيْلٌ، وَرِبَا الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ كُلِّهَا، وَأَوَّلُ رِبًا أَضَعُ رِبَا الْعَبَّاسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ فَإِنَّهَا

(١) رواه مسلم: في المساقاة - باب: لعن آكل الربا وموكله برقم (١٥٩٨) ٣ / ١٢١٨. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٨ / ٥٤. (٢) رواه ابن ماجه في التجارات - باب التغليظ في الربا ١ / ٧٦٤ قال في الزوائد: وفي إسناده نجيح بن عبد الرحمن أبو معشر متفق على تضعيفه وقال ابن حجر: نجيح بن عبد الرحمن السندي بكسر المهملة وسكون النون المدني، أبو معشر، وهو مولى بني هاشم مشهور بكنيته ضعيف من السادسة، أسن واختلط، مات سنة ١٧٠ ويقال: كان اسمه عبد الرحمن بن الوليد بن هلال (تقريب) . وانظر فيض القدير ٤ / ٥١ وكشف الخفاء ١ / ٥٠٨ فقد عزاه للحاكم والطبراني. (٣) أسباب النزول للواحدي ص ٨٧.