Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/339)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Abu Saʿid ʿAbd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Tahiri informed us; my grandfather, Abu Sahl ʿAbd al-Samad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Bazzar, informed us; Muhammad ibn Zakariyya ibn ʿAdafir informed us; Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn ʿAbbad al-Dabari informed us; ʿAbd al-Razzaq informed us; Maʿmar informed us, from Harun ibn Riyab, from Kinana al-ʿAdawi, from Qabisah ibn Mukhariq, who said: “I incurred a financial obligation in settling a dispute among my people, so I came to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, I have incurred such an obligation among my people, and I have come to you so that you may assist me with it.’ He said, ‘Rather, we shall assume it on your behalf, O Qabisah, and pay it to them from charity.’ Then he said, ‘O Qabisah, begging is prohibited except in one of three cases: a man whom a calamity strikes and wipes out his property; he may beg until he attains sufficient means of livelihood, then he must stop; a man whom poverty afflicts, until three discerning men from his people testify to his condition, whereupon begging becomes permissible for him; he may beg until he attains sufficient means of livelihood, then he must stop; and a man who has assumed such a financial obligation; he may beg until he has obtained the amount, then he must stop. Whatever is beyond that is unlawful gain, which its recipient consumes unlawfully.’” (1)

Abu ʿUthman Saʿid ibn Ismaʿil al-Dabbi informed us; Abu Muhammad ʿAbd al-Jabbar ibn Muhammad al-Jarahi informed us; Abu al-ʿAbbas Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mahbubi informed us; Abu ʿIsa Muhammad ibn ʿIsa al-Tirmidhi informed us; Qutaybah informed us; Sharik informed us, from Hakim ibn Jubayr, from Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman ibn Yazid, from his father, from ʿAbd Allah ibn Masʿud, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Whoever begs from people while possessing what is sufficient for him will come on the Day of Resurrection with his begging appearing on his face as scratches, abrasions, or wounds.” (2)

It was asked, “O Messenger of Allah, what is sufficient for him?” He said: “Fifty dirhams, or their equivalent in gold.” (3)

His saying, exalted is He: “Whatever good—that is, wealth—you spend, Allah surely knows it and will recompense it.”

“Those who spend their wealth by night and by day, secretly and openly.” It is related from Mujahid, from Ibn ʿAbbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, that he said: This verse was revealed concerning ʿAli ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him. He had four dirhams and possessed nothing else, so he gave one dirham in charity at night, one by day, one secretly, and one openly. (4)

(1) A calamity that destroys property. (2) Narrated by Muslim in the Book of Zakat, chapter: Those for Whom Begging Is Lawful, no. 1044, 2:722, in similar wordings. The compiler also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:122, with the wording: “Begging is lawful only for three persons: a man who has incurred a hamalah (a liability undertaken to reconcile disputing parties); a man afflicted by a ja'ihah (a devastating calamity) that has destroyed his property, who may ask until he attains sufficient means of livelihood; and a man struck by poverty, for whom three people of sound judgment from his community testify that he has been afflicted by need. Begging is then lawful for him. Whatever is beyond this among such requests is suht (unlawful gain).” (3) Khumush has the same meaning as khudush: scratches. Kuduh are the marks left by scratches; indeed, any mark caused by scratching, biting, or the like is called kuduh. (4) Narrated by Abu Dawud in the Book of Zakat, chapter: Those Who May Be Given Charity and the Threshold of Wealth, 2:226. See al-Mundhiri's comments in his Mukhtasar. Al-Tirmidhi also narrated it in the Book of Zakat, chapter: Those for Whom Zakat Is Lawful, 3:313-314, from Ibn Mas'ud, and said: “The hadith of Ibn Mas'ud is hasan.” Shu'bah criticized Hakim ibn Jubayr because of this hadith. Ibn Hajar said: “Weak; accused of Shi'ism; from the fifth generation,” in al-Taqrib. Ibn Majah also narrated it in the Book of Zakat, chapter: One Who Asks Despite Having Sufficient Means, 1:589. Al-Albani graded it sahih in al-Sahihah, no. 499, and Sahih Ibn Majah, no. 1490. Al-Darimi also narrated it in the Book of Zakat, chapter 15: Those for Whom Charity Is Lawful, 1:386. The compiler also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:83. (5) Narrated by al-Wahidi in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 86, with a sound chain of transmission.

أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الطَّاهِرِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا جَدِّي أَبُو سَهْلٍ عَبْدُ الصَّمَدِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْبَزَّارُ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ زكريا بن عدافر، أَخْبَرَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ عَبَّادٍ الدَّبَرِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَعْمَرٌ عَنْ هَارُونَ بْنِ رِيَابٍ عَنْ كِنَانَةَ الْعَدَوِيِّ عَنْ قَبِيصَةَ بْنِ مُخَارِقٍ قَالَ: إِنِّي تَحَمَّلْتُ بِحِمَالَةٍ فِي قَوْمِي فَأَتَيْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنِّي تَحَمَّلْتُ بِحَمَالَةٍ فِي قَوْمِي وَأَتَيْتُكَ لِتُعِينَنِي فِيهَا قَالَ: "بَلْ نَتَحَمَّلُهَا عَنْكَ يَا قَبِيصَةُ وَنُؤَدِّيهَا إِلَيْهِمْ مِنَ الصَّدَقَةِ" ثُمَّ قَالَ "يَا قَبِيصَةُ إِنَّ الْمَسْأَلَةَ حُرِّمَتْ إِلَّا فِي إِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ: رَجُلٍ أَصَابَتْهُ جَائِحَةٌ (١) فَاجْتَاحَتْ مَالَهُ فَيَسْأَلُ حَتَّى يُصِيبَ قِوَامًا مِنْ عَيْشِهِ ثُمَّ يُمْسِكُ، وَفِي رَجُلٍ أَصَابَتْهُ حَاجَةٌ حَتَّى يَشْهَدَ لَهُ ثَلَاثَةُ نَفَرٍ مِنْ ذَوِي الْحِجَا مِنْ قَوْمِهِ وَأَنَّ الْمَسْأَلَةَ قَدْ حَلَّتْ لَهُ فَيَسْأَلُ حَتَّى يُصِيبَ الْقِوَامَ مِنَ الْعَيْشِ ثُمَّ يُمْسِكُ، وَفِي رَجُلٍ تَحَمَّلَ بِحِمَالَةٍ فَيَسْأَلُ حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ أَمْسَكَ، وَمَا كَانَ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ سُحْتٌ يَأْكُلُهُ صَاحِبُهُ سُحْتًا" (٢) . أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عُثْمَانَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ الضَّبِّيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ الْجَبَّارِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْجِرَاحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَحْبُوبِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عِيسَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عِيسَى التِّرْمِذِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، أَخْبَرَنَا شَرِيكٌ عَنْ حَكِيمِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ "مَنْ سَأَلَ النَّاسَ وَلَهُ مَا يُغْنِيهِ جَاءَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَمَسْأَلَتُهُ فِي وَجْهِهِ خُمُوشٌ أَوْ خُدُوشٌ أَوْ كُدُوحٌ" (٣) . قِيلَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَمَا يُغْنِيهِ؟ قَالَ "خَمْسُونَ دِرْهَمًا أَوْ قِيمَتُهَا مِنَ الذَّهَبِ" (٤) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَمَا تُنْفِقُوا مِنْ خَيْرٍ﴾ مَالٍ ﴿فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِهِ عَلِيمٌ﴾ وَعَلَيْهِ مَجَازٍ ﴿الَّذِينَ يُنْفِقُونَ أَمْوَالَهُمْ بِاللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ سِرًّا وَعَلَانِيَةً﴾ رُوِيَ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ قَالَ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ﵁ كَانَتْ عِنْدَهُ أَرْبَعَةُ دَرَاهِمَ لَا يَمْلِكُ غَيْرَهَا فَتَصَدَّقَ بِدِرْهَمٍ لَيْلًا وَبِدِرْهَمٍ نَهَارًا وَبِدِرْهَمٍ سِرًّا وَبِدِرْهَمٍ عَلَانِيَةً (٥) .

(١) آفة تهلك المال. (٢) رواه مسلم: في الزكاة - باب: من تحل له المسألة برقم (١٠٤٤) ٢ / ٧٢٢ بألفاظ مقاربة. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ١٢٢ بلفظ: (إن المسألة لا تحل إلا لثلاثة: رجل تحمل بحمالة بين قوم، ورجل أصابته جائحة، فاجتاحت ماله، فيسأل حتى يصيب سدادا من عيش، أو قواما من عيش، ورجل أصابته فاقة حتى يشهد له ثلاثة من ذوي الحجا من قومه أن قد أصابته حاجة، وأن قد حلت له المسألة وما سوى ذلك من المسائل سحت) . (٣) الخموش مثل الخدوش في المعنى، والكدوح: آثار الخدوش، وكل أثر من خدش أو عض أو نحوه، فهو كدوح. (٤) رواه أبو داود: في الزكاة - باب: من يعطي من الصدقة وحد الغنى ٢ / ٢٢٦ وانظر ما قاله المنذري في مختصره والترمذي: في الزكاة - باب: من تحل له الزكاة ٣ / ٣١٣،٣١٤ عن ابن مسعود وقال: حديث ابن مسعود حديث حسن وقد تكلم شعبة في حكيم بن جبير من أجل هذا الحديث وقال ابن حجر: ضعيف رمي بالتشيع من الخامسة (تقريب) . وابن ماجه: في الزكاة - باب من سأل عن ظهر عنى ١ / ٥٨٩ وصححه الألباني في الصحيحة برقم (٤٩٩) وصحيح ابن ماجه برقم (١٤٩٠) . والدارمي: في الزكاة - باب / ١٥ / من تحل له الصدقة ١ / ٣٨٦. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ٨٣. (٥) أخرجه الواحدي في أسباب النزول ص ٨٦ بسند حسن.