Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/584)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Surah al-Ikhlas is Makkan. (1)

In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.

“Say, ‘He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Eternal Refuge.’ (1–2)”

“Say, ‘He is Allah, the One.’” Abu al-‘Aliyah narrated from Ubayy ibn Ka‘b that the idolaters said to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace: “Tell us the lineage of your Lord.” So Allah Most High revealed this surah. (2)

Abu Zabyan and Abu Salih narrated from Ibn ‘Abbas that ‘Amir ibn al-Tufayl and Arbad ibn Rabi‘ah came to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. ‘Amir said, “To what do you call us, Muhammad?” He replied, “To Allah.” He said, “Describe Him to us: is He of gold, or silver, or iron, or wood?” Thereupon this surah was revealed. Allah destroyed Arbad with a thunderbolt and ‘Amir ibn al-Tufayl with the plague; we have mentioned this in Surah al-Ra‘d. (3)

Al-Dahhak, Qatadah, and Muqatil said: Some Jewish rabbis came to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and said, “Describe your Lord to us, Muhammad, so that perhaps we may believe in you. Allah has revealed His description in the Torah, so tell us: of what is He? Does He eat and drink? And who will inherit from Him?” So Allah revealed this surah. (4)

(1) Ibn al-Durays and Ibn Jarir narrated from Abu al-Aliyah, may Allah be pleased with him, that they said, “Describe the lineage of your Lord to us.” Jibril then came to him with this surah: “Say: He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Self-Sufficient.” Al-Tabarani and Abu al-Shaykh, in al-Azamah, narrated from Ibn Masud, may Allah be pleased with him, that Quraysh said, “O Messenger of Allah, describe the lineage of your Lord to us.” So Allah revealed: “Say: He is Allah, the One.” See al-Durr al-Manthur, 8:669-670, and the hadiths that follow. (2) Narrated by al-Tirmidhi in al-Tafsir, “Tafsir Surat al-Ikhlas,” 9:299-300. He also narrated it in mursal form, 9:301; Ahmad, 5:134; al-Hakim, who authenticated it, 2:540, and al-Dhahabi concurred; al-Bayhaqi, al-Asma wa al-Sifat, 1:419; and al-Tabari, 30:342. (3) See above, 4:301. (4) Narrated by al-Tabari, 30:342-343. See also al-Fath al-Samawi, 3:1135; al-Durr al-Manthur, 8:671.

سُورَةُ الْإِخْلَاصِ مَكِّيَّةٌ (١) بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ﴿قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ (١) اللَّهُ الصَّمَدُ (٢) ﴾ ﴿قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ﴾ رَوَى أَبُو الْعَالِيَةِ عَنْ أُبَيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ أَنَّ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَالُوا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ: انْسُبْ لَنَا رَبَّكَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى هَذِهِ السُّورَةَ (٢) . وَرَوَى أَبُو ظَبْيَانِ، وَأَبُو صَالِحٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: أَنَّ عَامِرَ بْنَ الطُّفَيْلِ وَأَرْبَدَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ أَتَيَا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقَالَ عَامِرٌ: إِلَامَ تَدْعُونَا يَا مُحَمَّدُ؟ قَالَ: إِلَى اللَّهِ، قَالَ: صِفْهُ لَنَا أَمِنْ ذَهَبٍ هُوَ؟ أَمْ مِنْ فِضَّةٍ؟ أَمْ مِنْ حَدِيدٍ؟ أَمْ مِنْ خَشَبٍ؟ فَنَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ السُّورَةُ فَأَهْلَكَ اللَّهُ أَرْبَدَ بِالصَّاعِقَةِ وَعَامِرَ بْنَ الطُّفَيْلِ بِالطَّاعُونِ، وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَاهُ فِي سُورَةِ الرَّعْدِ (٣) . وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ وَقَتَادَةُ وَمُقَاتِلٌ: جَاءَ نَاسٌ مِنْ أَحْبَارِ الْيَهُودِ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَالُوا: صِفْ لَنَا رَبَّكَ يَا مُحَمَّدُ لَعَلَّنَا نُؤْمِنُ بِكَ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ أَنْزَلَ نَعْتَهُ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ، فَأَخْبِرْنَا مِنْ أَيِّ شَيْءٍ هُوَ؟ وَهَلْ يَأْكُلُ وَيَشْرَبُ؟ وَمَنْ يَرِثُ مِنْهُ؟ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ السُّورَةَ (٤) .

(١) أخرج ابن الضريس وابن جرير عن أبي العالية ﵁ قال: قالوا: انسب لنا ربك، فأتاه جبريل بهذه السورة (قل هو الله أحد الله الصمد) . وأخرج الطبراني وأبو الشيخ في العظمة عن ابن مسعود ﵁ قال: قالت قريش: يا رسول الله أنسب لنا ربك، فأنزل الله (قل هو الله أحد) . انظر: الدر المنثور: ٨ / ٦٦٩ - ٦٧٠، وما يأتي من الأحاديث. (٢) أخرجه الترمذي في التفسير - تفسير سورة الإخلاص - ٩ / ٢٩٩ - ٣٠٠، وأخرجه مرسلا أيضا: ٩ / ٣٠١، والإمام أحمد: ٥ / ١٣٤، وصححه الحاكم: ٢ / ٥٤٠ ووافقه الذهبي، والبيهقي في الأسماء والصفات: ١ / ٤١٩، والطبري: ٣٠ / ٣٤٢. (٣) راجع فيما سبق: ٤ / ٣٠١. (٤) أخرجه الطبري: ٣٠ / ٣٤٢ - ٣٤٣. وانظر الفتح السماوي: ٣ / ١١٣٥، الدر المنثور: ٨ / ٦٧١.