Surah al-Duha (The Morning Brightness) is Makkan (1).
In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.
“By the morning brightness (1), and by the night when it grows still (2): your Lord has neither forsaken you nor detested you (3).”
Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu'aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma'il narrated to us; Ahmad ibn Yunus narrated to us; Zuhayr narrated to us; al-Aswad ibn Qays narrated to us, saying: I heard Jundub ibn Sufyan say: The Messenger of Allah fell ill and did not stand in prayer for two or three nights. Then a woman came and said, “O Muhammad, I hope that your devil has abandoned you; I have not seen him near you for two or three nights.” Thereupon Allah revealed: “By the morning brightness, and by the night when it grows still: your Lord has neither forsaken you nor detested you.” (2)
It is also said that the woman who said this was Umm Jamil, the wife of Abu Lahab.
The exegetes said: The Jews asked the Messenger of Allah about Dhul-Qarnayn, the Companions of the Cave, and the Spirit. He said, “I will inform you tomorrow,” but did not say, “If Allah wills.” Revelation was therefore withheld from him (3).
Zayd ibn Aslam said: The reason Gabriel, peace be upon him, was withheld from him was that there was a puppy in his house. When Gabriel came down, the Messenger of Allah reproached him for his delay, and he said, “We do not enter a house in which there is a dog [or] (4) an image (5).”
They differed concerning the length of time revelation was withheld from him. Ibn Jurayj said: Twelve days. Ibn Abbas said: Fifteen days. Muqatil said: Forty days.
(1) Ibn al-Durays, al-Nahhas, Ibn Mardawayh, and al-Bayhaqi narrated from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, that he said: Surat al-Duha was revealed in Mecca. See al-Durr al-Manthur, 8/539.
(2) Reported by al-Bukhari in the Book of Tafsir, under the interpretation of Surat al-Duha, chapter: “Your Lord has neither forsaken you nor detested you,” 8/710, and elsewhere; and by Muslim in the Book of Jihad and Expeditions, chapter: “The harm inflicted upon the Prophet, peace be upon him, by the polytheists and hypocrites,” no. 1997, 3/1422.
(3) These reports cited by the author are mentioned by al-Tabari in his Tafsir, 15/200-205; al-Suyuti in al-Durr al-Manthur, 5/363-370, 373; al-Qurtubi, 10/358-360; and al-Khazin, 4/160-165.
Taken collectively, these detailed reports concerning the departure of the youths, their names, the name of their dog, and so forth, were received from People of the Book who embraced Islam. Some of the Companions and Followers (tabiun) transmitted them from them and related them because of their strangeness and remarkable nature. The following comments by some leading scholars and exegetes regarding these reports spare us the need for further comment at many points in the tafsir:
Ibn Kathir said in his Tafsir, 3/76-79: “God Most High did not tell us where this cave was, nor in which land it was located, since there is no benefit or religious purpose in knowing this. Some exegetes nevertheless went to great lengths and mentioned various opinions concerning it. ... God knows best in which of His lands it was. Had this held any religious benefit, God Most High and His Messenger would have directed us to it. ... He informed us of its description but did not inform us of its location.”
After citing some opinions regarding the dog of the People of the Cave and its color, he said: “They differed over its color in opinions that yield nothing, have no value, lack evidence, and are unnecessary. Rather, such matters are prohibited, for their basis is mere conjecture about the unseen.”
Concerning the names of the youths, he said: “... The soundness of assigning them these names, as well as the name of their dog, is open to question, and God knows best. Most of this is received from the People of the Book. God Most High said: ‘So do not dispute with them except in a manner that is apparent’—that is, lightly and without difficulty—because knowing these matters brings no great benefit.”
In al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, 2/115, he said: “Many storytellers and exegetes have related lengthy accounts and reports concerning this dog. Most of them are derived from Israiliyyat (Israelite traditions), and many of them are false or of no benefit, such as their disagreement over its name and color.”
Sayyid Qutb said in Fi Zilal al-Quran, 15/2260-2261: “The story of the People of the Cave presents a model of faith in believing hearts: how they find peace through it, prefer it to the adornment and enjoyments of this world, and take refuge with it in the cave when it becomes too difficult for them to live by it among people; and how God cares for these believing souls, protects them from trial, and encompasses them with mercy.
“The story has been surrounded by numerous reports and sayings. It appeared in some ancient books and legends in various forms. We confine ourselves to what is stated in the Quran, for it is the only certain source, and we set aside all other reports and legends that have entered works of tafsir without any sound chain of transmission—especially since the Noble Quran forbids seeking information about it from sources other than the Quran, and forbids disputing and arguing about it on the basis of conjecture concerning the unseen.”
Shaykh Muhammad al-Amin al-Shanqiti said in Adwa al-Bayan, 4/20: “Know that nothing concerning the story of the People of the Cave, their names, or the location in the earth where they were, has been authentically reported from the Prophet, peace be upon him, beyond what is in the Quran. Exegetes have related many Israelite reports on these matters, which we have omitted because they are not reliable.”
See also al-Israiliyyat wa al-Mawduat by Shaykh Muhammad Abu Shahbah, pp. 235-237.
(4) In manuscript B: “and not.”
(5) See hadiths on this in Musnad Imam Ahmad, 1/148; and al-Targhib wa al-Tarhib, 4/68-69.