Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/294)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

and other obligatory duties. (1) The meaning of a vow is making something obligatory upon oneself.

Mujahid and Ikrimah said: “When they make a vow involving obedience to Allah, they fulfil it.”

Abu al-Hasan al-Sarakhsi informed us; Zahir ibn Ahmad informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Hashimi informed us; Abu Musab informed us from Malik, from Talhah ibn Abd al-Malik al-Ayli, from al-Qasim ibn Muhammad, from Aishah, the wife of the Prophet, that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “Whoever vows to obey Allah, let him obey Him; and whoever vows to disobey Allah, let him not disobey Him.” (2)

“And they fear a Day whose evil will be widespread”: that is, pervasive and far-reaching. One says, “The dawn has spread,” when it extends and disperses.

Muqatil said: Its evil will be widespread in the heavens: they will split apart, the stars will scatter, the sun and moon will be folded up, and the angels will be terrified. On the earth, the mountains will be blasted away, the waters will sink away, and everything upon the earth—mountains and buildings—will be shattered.

“And they give food, despite their love for it”: that is, despite their love for food, its scarcity, their desire for it, and their need of it. It was also said: out of love for Allah, Exalted is He. “To the needy”: one who is poor and possesses no wealth; “the orphan”: a young child without a father; “and the captive.” Mujahid, Said ibn Jubayr, and Ata said: This is a prisoner from among the Muslims. Qatadah said: Allah commanded that captives be treated kindly, even though their captives at that time were polytheists. It was also said that the captive is a slave. And it was said that it means a woman, based on the Prophet’s saying, may Allah bless him and grant him peace: “Fear Allah regarding women, for they are like captives under your care,” (3) meaning, prisoners.

They differed concerning the occasion for the revelation of this verse. Muqatil said: It was revealed concerning a man from the Ansar who, on a single day, fed a needy person, an orphan, and a captive. (4)

(1) Reported by al-Tabari, 29:208, and by Abd al-Razzaq in al-Tafsir, 2:336. (2) Reported by Imam Malik in al-Muwatta, 2:476, in the Book of Vows and Oaths, chapter: “What Is Not Permissible of Vows Involving Disobedience to Allah.” It is part of a hadith reported by al-Bukhari in the Book of Oaths and Vows, chapter: “Vowing Acts of Obedience,” 11:581, and by al-Baghawi in Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:20-21. (3) Part of a hadith reported by al-Tahawi in Mushkil al-Athar, 3:212, and by al-Tirmidhi in the chapters on breastfeeding, chapter: “What Has Been Related Concerning a Woman’s Rights over Her Husband,” 4:326. He said: “This hadith is sound and authentic.” Ibn Majah also reported it with similar wording in the Book of Marriage, no. 1851, 1:594. Imam Muslim reported its meaning in the hadith of Jabir concerning the Farewell Pilgrimage. It is further corroborated by the hadith of the uncle of Abu Hurrah al-Raqashi, recorded by Imam Ahmad, 5:72-73. See Irwa al-Ghalil, 7:53-54, 96-97. (4) Mentioned by the author of Zad al-Masir, 8:432.

وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْوَاجِبَاتِ (١) وَمَعْنَى النَّذْرِ: الْإِيجَابُ. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَعِكْرِمَةُ: إِذَا نَذَرُوا فِي طَاعَةِ اللَّهِ وَفَّوْا بِهِ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا زَاهِرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الْهَاشِمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ الْأَيْلِيُّ، عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ زَوْجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "مَنْ نَذَرَ أَنْ يُطِيعَ اللَّهَ فَلْيُطِعْهُ، وَمَنْ نَذَرَ أَنْ يَعْصِيَ اللَّهَ فَلَا يَعْصِهِ" (٢) ﴿وَيَخَافُونَ يَوْمًا كَانَ شَرُّهُ مُسْتَطِيرًا﴾ فَاشِيًا مُمْتَدًّا، يُقَالُ: اسْتَطَارَ الصُّبْحُ، إِذَا امْتَدَّ وَانْتَشَرَ. قَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: كَانَ شَرُّهُ فَاشِيًا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ فَانْشَقَّتْ، وَتَنَاثَرَتِ الْكَوَاكِبُ، وَكُوِّرَتِ الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ، وَفَزِعَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ، وَفِي الْأَرْضِ: فَنُسِفَتِ الْجِبَالُ، وَغَارَتِ الْمِيَاهُ، وَتَكَسَّرَ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ مِنْ جَبَلٍ وَبِنَاءٍ. ﴿وَيُطْعِمُونَ الطَّعَامَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ﴾ أَيْ عَلَى حُبِّ الطَّعَامِ وَقِلَّتِهِ وَشَهْوَتِهِمْ لَهُ وَحَاجَتِهِمْ إِلَيْهِ. وَقِيلَ: عَلَى حُبِّ اللَّهِ ﷿ ﴿مِسْكِينًا﴾ فَقِيرًا لَا مَالَ لَهُ ﴿وَيَتِيمًا﴾ صَغِيرًا لَا أَبَ لَهُ ﴿وَأَسِيرًا﴾ قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ وَعَطَاءٌ: هُوَ الْمَسْجُونُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقِبْلَةِ. وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِالْأُسَرَاءِ أَنْ يُحْسَنَ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَإِنَّ أَسْرَاهُمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ لَأَهْلُ الشِّرْكِ. وَقِيلَ: الْأَسِيرُ الْمَمْلُوكُ. وَقِيلَ: الْمَرْأَةُ، لِقَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: "اتَّقَوْا اللَّهَ فِي النِّسَاءِ فَإِنَّهُنَّ عِنْدَكُمْ عَوَانٌ" (٣) أَيْ أُسَرَاءُ. وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي سَبَبِ نُزُولِ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ، قَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: نَزَلَتْ فِي رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ أَطْعَمَ فِي يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ مِسْكِينًا وَيَتِيمًا وَأَسِيرًا (٤) .

(١) أخرجه الطبري: ٢٩ / ٢٠٨، وعبد الرزاق في التفسير: ٢ / ٣٣٦. (٢) أخرجه الإمام مالك في الموطأ: ٢ / ٤٧٦ في النذر والأيمان، باب ما لا يجوز من النذور في معصية الله. وهو قطعة من حديث أخرجه البخاري في الأيمان والنذور، باب النذر في الطاعة: ١١ / ٥٨١، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ٢٠-٢١. (٣) قطعة من حديث أخرجه الطحاوي في مشكل الآثار: ٣ / ٢١٢، والترمذي في أبواب الرضاع، باب ما جاء في حق المرأة على زوجها: ٤ / ٣٢٦ وقال: "هذا حديث حسن صحيح". وأخرجه ابن ماجه بنحوه في النكاح برقم: (١٨٥١) : ١ / ٥٩٤. وروى الإمام مسلم معناه في حديث جابر في حجة الوداع. وله شاهد من حديث عم أبي حرة الرقاشي عند الإمام أحمد: ٥ / ٧٢-٧٣. انظر: إرواء الغليل: ٧ / ٥٣-٥٤، ٩٦-٩٧. (٤) ذكره صاحب الزاد المسير: ٨ / ٤٣٢.